El catabolismo de glucosinolatos durante el secado postcosecha determina la proporción final de amidas y bencenoides bioactivos en harina de maca (Lepidium meyenii)

El procesamiento postcosecha de raíces de maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp., Brassicaceae), un cultivo tradicional altoandino, implica un secado lento en el campo antes de la molienda para producir harina. La deshidratación progresiva de los tejidos y la liberación de enzimas hidrolíticas y sustratos de los compartimentos celulares da como resultado la acumulación lenta de monosacáridos, ácidos grasos y aminoácidos libres. Un perfil cinético más complejo y rápido es el de la degradación de glucosinolatos. Durante el secado se generan una serie de productos de acumulación estables, y también intermediarios reactivos, algunos de los cuales tienen propiedades bioactivas notables. Entre estos se encuentran las macamidas, inhibidores de la degradación de los neurotransmisores endocannabinoides en el sistema nervioso de los mamíferos. Las macamidas son el resultado de la condensación de bencilamina, un producto de hidrólisis de glucosinolatos, con ácidos grasos liberados por la hidrólisis de lípidos. Investigaciones recientes se han centrado en desarrollar procesos de secado en condiciones controladas que puedan modular la bioquímica de la hidrólisis de glucosinolatos para optimizar el contenido de compuestos bioactivos en la harina de maca. El secado de maca triturada en horno a temperatura moderada (35 °C) bajo un flujo de aire controlado genera bencilamina como producto primario de acumulación, que representa hasta el 94% del glucosinolato hidrolizado en la harina. La evidencia cinética sugiere que tanto los bencenoides desaminados como las macamidas, que representan menos del 5% de glucosinolato hidrolizado, se generan a partir de la bencilamina acumulada a través de la actividad de aminaoxidasas o por la condensación con ácidos grasos libres, respectivamente. Etapas posteriores de deshidratación resultan en cambios en las proporciones molares de los distintos bencenoides desaminados, tales como ésteres de ácido benzoico y alcohol bencílico. En este reporte se propone que estos son el resultado de cambios en las tasas de las semirreacciones reductivas y oxidativas de aldehído-deshidrogenasas endógenas y que es la relación entre la desaminación de bencilamina o de su condensación a amidas lo que determina los rendimientos finales de macamidas en relación con bencenoides y sus ésteres en la harina de maca. Las condiciones redox durante el secado determinan, por lo tanto, el perfil bioactivo y calidad de la harina de maca generada, y son factores a tomar en cuenta para una eventual estandarización de este proceso

Physiological responses of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) plants to UV radiation in its high-altitude mountain ecosystem

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a small fraction of the solar spectrum, which acts as a key environmental modulator of plant function affecting metabolic regulation and growth. Plant species endemic to the Andes are well adapted to the harsh features of high-altitude climate, including high UV radiation. Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) is a member of Brassicaceae family native to the central Andes of Peru, which grows between 3500 and 4500 m of altitude, where only highland grasses and few hardy bushes can survive. Even though maca has been the focus of recent researches, mainly due to its nutraceutical properties, knowledge regarding its adaptation mechanisms to these particular natural environmental conditions is scarce. In this study, we manipulated solar UV radiation by using UV-transmitting (Control) or blocking (UV-block) filters under field conditions (4138 m above the sea level) in order to understand the impact of UV on morphological and physiological parameters of maca crops over a complete growing season. Compared to the UV-blocking filter, under control condition a significant increase of hypocotyl weight was observed during the vegetative phase together with a marked leaf turnover. Although parameters conferring photosynthetic performance were not altered by UV, carbohydrate allocation between above and underground organs was affected. Control condition did not influence the content of secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in hypocotyls, while some differences were observed in the rosettes. These differences were mainly related to leaf turnover and the protection of new young leaves in control plants. Altogether, the data suggest that maca plants respond to strong UV radiation at high altitudes by a coordinated remobilization and relocation of metabolites between source and sink organs via a possible UV signaling pathway

Estigma de participación ocupacional de niños y niñas con diganóstico en salud mental

Tesis (Terapeuta Ocupacional)En el presente seminario de título, se dará a conocer como el estigma produce una limitación en la participación ocupacional de jóvenes que poseen un diagnóstico en salud mental desde su infancia. En donde es fundamental la comprensión de la concepción de la infancia y salud mental, como ha cambiado a través del tiempo y donde ambos comparten la invisibilización del estado, sociedades o comunidades, producto de diversos procesos de estigmatización. Considerando que la infancia es la primera instancia donde el niño adquiere aprendizaje, construye su identidad mediante diferentes experiencias y relaciones sociales, es que, existen condicionantes de la salud que afectan el desarrollo del niño, ligados al ambiente donde se desenvuelve, como en el ámbito de salud mental, donde han sido especialmente marginados, generando un autoestigma. En niños esto se ve reflejado, ya que, se perciben como objetos de control, por ende se invisibilizan como sujetos, se evidencia en la sobre medicalización y falta de políticas públicas que resguarden sus derechos. Por otro lado, cabe mencionar que la información recopilada para la elaboración de esta investigación, se extrae principalmente de dos jóvenes usuarios de COSAM de Colina, a los cuales se les aplica entrevistas semiestructuradas por medio de teleconferencias, debido a la actual situación sanitaria por la pandemia de COVID-19. La metodología ocupada para la elaboración de esta investigación, es cualitativa ya que permitirá profundizar en las experiencias de los actuales jóvenes en su infancia, a causa del estigma, posicionándonos desde el paradigma crítico, acompañado de la Terapia Ocupacional Crítica y Analítica. Para finalizar, en este estudio se realizará un análisis a través de la exposición de argumentos, la cual busca visibilizar los principales hallazgos en torno a la limitación en la participación ocupacional de jóvenes que han sido diagnosticados con alguna situación de salud mental en su niñezIn this thesis seminar, it will be made known how stigma leads to a limitation in the occupational participation of young people who have a diagnosis in mental health since childhood. Where it is fundamental to understand the conception of childhood and mental health, as it has changed over time and how both share the invisibility of the state, societies or communities, as a product of multiple procedures of stigmatization. Taking into account that childhood is the first place where the child acquires knowledge and builds his identity through different experiences and social relationships, because there are health conditions that affect the child’s development, linked to the environment in which they operate, such as the field of mental health, where they have been especially marginalized, creating even a self imposed stigma. In children this is clearly an issue, since they are perceived as objects of control, therefore they are invisible as subjects, it’s evident with the over medication and lack of public policies that protect their rights. On the other hand, it should be mentioned that the information collected for the preparation of this research is mainly drawn from two young users of COSAM in Colina, to whom semi-structured interviews are applied through teleconferences, due to the current health situation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The method employed for the elaboration of this research is qualitative since it will allow us to deepen the experiences of current young people in their childhood, and the effects of the stigma in those, positioning ourselves from the critical paradigm, accompanied by Critical and Analytical Occupational Therapy. Finally, this study will present an analysis through the displaying arguments, which seek to highlight the main findings regarding the limitation in the occupational participation of young people who have been diagnosed with any mental health situation in their childhood

Effect of Support Matrix and Crosslinking Agents on Nutritional Properties of Orange Juice during Enzyme Clarification: A Comparative Study

This study investigated the impact of a support matrix and active group on the support to the nutritional properties of orange juice after juice clarification. Pectinase was immobilized on chitosan and aminated silica supports, activated with genipin or glutaraldehyde, and applied for juice clarification. The effects on various juice properties, including reducing sugars, total soluble solids, vitamin C, and phenolic compounds, juice color, and pH, were evaluated. The results revealed that the immobilization on chitosan activated using genipin resulted in the highest biocatalyst activity (1211.21 U·g−1). The juice treatments using the biocatalysts led to turbidity reduction in the juice (up to 90%), with the highest reductions observed in treatments involving immobilized enzyme on chitosan. Importantly, the enzymatic treatments preserved the natural sugar content, total soluble solids, and pH of the juice. Color differences between treated and raw juice samples were especially relevant for those treated using enzymes, with significant differences in L* and b*, showing loss of yellow vivid color. Analysis of phenolic compounds and vitamin C showed no significant alterations after the enzymatic treatment of the raw juice. According to our results, the clarification of orange juice using immobilized enzymes can be a compromise in turbidity reduction and color reduction to maintain juice quality

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data