CLASSIFICATIONS AND THEIR PERFECTION IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES

В статье предложены изменения в классификации экономических наук, составленной ИНИОН РАН в 2001 году. Предложенные изменения направлены на адаптацию классификации экономических наук к возросшему потоку информации, к точности их размещения и потребностям пользователей информационных ресурсов.In article changes in classification of the economic sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences made the INION in 2001 are offered. The offered changes are directed on adaptation of classification of economic sciences to the increased stream of the information, to accuracy of their placing and requirements of users of information resources

Trusted Operation of Cyber-Physical Processes Based on Assessment of the System’s State and Operating Mode

We consider the trusted operation of cyber-physical processes based on an assessment of the system’s state and operating mode and present a method for detecting anomalies in the behavior of a cyber-physical system (CPS) based on the analysis of the data transmitted by its sensory subsystem. Probability theory and mathematical statistics are used to process and normalize the data in order to determine whether or not the system is in the correct operating mode and control process state. To describe the mode-specific control processes of a CPS, the paradigm of using cyber-physical parameters is taken as a basis, as it is the feature that most clearly reflects the system’s interaction with physical processes. In this study, two metrics were taken as a sign of an anomaly: the probability of falling into the sensor values’ confidence interval and parameter change monitoring. These two metrics, as well as the current mode evaluation, produce a final probability function for our trust in the CPS’s currently executing control process, which is, in turn, determined by the operating mode of the system. Based on the results of this trust assessment, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the processing state in which the system is operating. If the score is higher than 0.6, it means the system is in a trusted state. If the score is equal to 0.6, it means the system is in an uncertain state. If the trust score tends towards zero, then the system can be interpreted as unstable or under stress due to a system failure or deliberate attack. Through a case study using cyber-attack data for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), it was found that the method works well. When we were evaluating the normal flight mode, there were no false positive anomaly estimates. When we were evaluating the UAV’s state during an attack, a deviation and an untrusted state were detected. This method can be used to implement software solutions aimed at detecting system faults and cyber-attacks, and thus make decisions about the presence of malfunctions in the operation of a CPS, thereby minimizing the amount of knowledge and initial data about the system

Collembola Reproduction Decreases with Aging of Silver Nanoparticles in a Sewage Sludge-Treated Soil

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are integrated into various products due to their antimicrobial characteristics and hence, the application of AgNP is increasing. During production, use and disposal AgNP are emitted and enter the environment via several pathways. Soils are considered a major sink of AgNP. The aim of the present study was to determine the toxic effect of AgNP on Folsomia candida reproduction to illustrate potential impact on terrestrial ecosystems. The AgNP-dependent reduction of F. candida reproduction was studied in RefeSol 01-A, LUFA 2.2 and OECD soil at 0.3 μg–50 mg Ag kg−1. To simulate realistic exposure pathways, effects on F. candida reproduction after the application of AgNP via sewage sludge and after aging this treatment in the soil for up to 140 days were studied using environmentally relevant concentrations. The OECD representative AgNP, NM-300K, and AgNO3, as a metal salt reference, were used in all experiments. The generated data demonstrate that the presence of AgNP in the soil in the low mg Ag kg−1 concentration range results in significant, but concentration independent inhibition of F. candida reproduction in RefeSol 01-A and LUFA 2.2. Significant inhibition of F. candida reproduction due to AgNP was also observed for soil amended with AgNP treated sludge. An increase in inhibition with aging of the AgNP in the soil was evident. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that, at environmentally relevant concentrations, AgNP adsorption to sludge and subsequent aging in soil lead to a toxic effect on soil invertebrates

Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors InFeSb Prepared by Laser Ablation: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Investigations

We report optical and magneto-optical results as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) results for InFeSb samples prepared by laser ablation. AFM and MFM studies have revealed the presence of magnetic particles on the samples surface, whose sizes depend on the Fe content and substrate temperature. It has found that both optical and magneto-optical spectra are superposition of spectra from the doped InFeSb layers and particles on their surface

Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors InFeSb Prepared by Laser Ablation: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Investigations

We report optical and magneto-optical results as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) results for InFeSb samples prepared by laser ablation. AFM and MFM studies have revealed the presence of magnetic particles on the samples surface, whose sizes depend on the Fe content and substrate temperature. It has found that both optical and magneto-optical spectra are superposition of spectra from the doped InFeSb layers and particles on their surface