LEGAL CONSDERATION ON TEXT MESSAGES SENT VIA SOCIAL MEDIA

Digital text messages are of great importance considering the technological progress ofthe majority of dealing with individuals, companies, and banks, which prompted them to usemessages. These text messages have imposed themselves as electronic documents in manyareas of our daily electronic dealings. These text messages became a means of expressing willin an electronic form.This paper deals with some legal issues related to text messages sent through socialmedia, including the controls for presenting them as evidence before the courts and theirpower in proof, how to find a balance between the plaintiff’s right to proof and the sender’sright to privacy. This paper also deals with the legal consequences of disclosing it to a thirdparty without the sender’s permission

Layered double hydroxides-biopolymer nanocomposites for the controlled delivery of vitamins

In this investigation, vitamin B6- and folic acid-intercalated zinc-aluminum layered double hydroxides (Zn2+/Al3+ = 3), were successfully prepared by coprecipitation (B6-LDH and Fa- LDH, respectively). Both vitamin-intercalated LDHs were characterized by XRD and FTIR analyses and compared to control pristine LDHs synthesized following the same method. The XRD analysis confirmed the structural crystallinity of the synthesized LDHs, which are typical of hydrotalcite-like materials, and confirmed the intercalation of both vitamins through the observed expansion in the LDH interlayer spacing. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of the vitamins in the LDH layers by observing the peaks pertaining to the vitamin-specific functional groups. The shifts of some of the peaks in the vitamin-loaded LDH from their positions in the pure vitamin’s spectrum were attributed to the existence of host-guest interactions between the vitamin and the brucite-like sheets. Such interactions are mostly hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions for vitamin B6, as it is expectedly intercalated in neutral form. Whereas, for folic acid, electrostatic forces are also present, since it is intercalated in its anionic form. The loading percentages were calculated to be 31.5% (w/w) for B6-LDH and 65% (w/w) for Fa-LDH. Both vitamin-intercalated LDHs were entrapped in calcium alginate matrix by the ionotropic gelation of 2.5% (w/v) sodium alginate solution comprising dispersed LDHs, in a 5% (w/v) CaCl2 solution. The gelation process produced regular spherical beads. The beads were prepared at three alginate:LDH ratios for both vitamins, which are 16:1, 10:1 and 4:1 (in order of increasing LDH content). These were labeled: B6-A/L16, B6-A/L10 and B6-A/L4 for vitamin B6 and Fa-A/L16, Fa- A/L10 and Fa-A/L4 for folic acid. The entrapment efficiency of the composite beads was evaluated indirectly by measuring the concentration of the vitamin leached in the CaCl2 solution post-gelation using UV spectroscopy. It was found that the increase in the LDH content was associated with higher entrapment efficiency of the composite beads for the vitamins, as they act as reservoirs protecting the vitamin from diffusing into the alginate matrix and leaching into the gelling solution during the curing time. XRD plots of the vitamin-loaded composite beads do not exhibit any crystalline features belonging to either the vitamin or the LDHs. The LDHs were possibly mostly de-laminated during their dispersion and gelation with alginate. The FTIR analysis of the vitamin-loaded beads was inconclusive due to the overlap of the peaks from the different components in the composite systems. The FTIR analysis of the control composite beads (A/L16, A/L10 and A/L4) and plain calcium alginate beads (A0) demonstrates the presence of the alginate-specific peaks, and the increase in the LDH-related features as the LDH content per bead increases. The broadening of the peaks belonging to the LDH’s lattice vibrations and the sharpening of the carboxylate stretching vibrations peak were attributed to the possible existence of polymer- clay interactions. Nitrogen sorption analysis of the control composite beads, the plain calcium alginate beads and the pristine LDHs characterized the texture of such materials as mesoporous. The BJH desorption average pore diameter of the pristine LDH is 18.19 nm. The increase in the LDH content per bead was found to be associated with a general decrease in porosity. The BJH desorption average pore diameter was found to decrease from 7.03 nm in A/L16 to 5.30 nm in A/L4. The decrease in pore diameter as LDH content increases in the composite beads is attributed to the possibility that the cationic LDH layers play a role in cross-linking the alginate polymer chains along with Ca2+ ions during gelation. The swelling behavior of the vitamin-loaded beads was investigated in Biorelevant simulated intestinal fluid of pH 6.5 under the same conditions used for the in-vitro release experiment. The vitamin-loaded beads were swollen appreciably and the LDH content was shown to have an influence on the swelling trend: the increase in the LDH content was associated with a decrease in the degree of bead swelling. It was proposed that such trend is due to the engagement of the cationic brucite-like sheets in a crosslinking reaction with alginate’s ionized carboxylate groups screening their repulsive forces and reducing their swelling. The in-vitro release studies were conducted so as to simulate the passage of the vitamin-loaded composite beads along the gastrointestinal tract: 2 hours in Biorelevant simulated gastric fluid (BioSGF, pH 1.6) followed by 24 hours in Biorelevant simulated intestinal fluid (BioSIF, pH 6.5). Both vitamin-loaded composite beads exhibited a substantial improvement in their stability on exposure to the acidic conditions of BioSGF, when compared to the vitamin-intercalated LDHs alone. The release profiles of the B6-loaded composite beads in BioSGF showed that increasing the LDH content per bead was associated with an increase in the relative release with time. This was attributed to the proneness of the LDHs in such beads to acid attack and their subsequent weathering, being more accessible than those comprising higher alginate content. In BioSIF, the situation was reversed, and it was shown that the release was mainly governed by the degree of bead swelling, being the least for the beads with the highest LDH content. Another factor that possibly played a role is the increased tortuosity in the composites comprising higher density of LDHs per bead. The release profiles of the folic acid-loaded composite beads in BioSGF showed that increasing the LDH content per bead was associated with a decrease in the relative release with time. Unlike B6, folic acid being less soluble in the acidic medium, its dissolution becomes the limiting factor, and the release of the dissolved folate ions becomes dominated by their diffusivity in the alginate matrix. The LDH layers endow the matrix with barrier properties, and the bulky folate ions have to adopt longer and more tortuous pathways in order to be released, explaining the reduced relative release with time as the LDH content increases per bead. In BioSIF, the beads of the highest LDH content show the highest relative release with time, owing to the repulsive forces between the ionized folate and alginate’s carboxylates in basic conditions, which are more pronounced in the high LDH content (and thus folate) beads. We believe that samples B6-A/L16 and Fa-A/L4 show the most promising features of efficient oral controlled-release drug delivery systems, with satisfactory sustained release properties

Green Economy Policy in Egypt: an Advocacy Coalition Perspective

The new Egypt has adopted the green economy policy through its Sustainable Development Strategy “Egypt Vision 2030”. To achieve the objectives of this paper, a pragmatic model of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) was introduced to study the dynamics and networking processes of the key actors during the formulation and implementation of the green economy policy in Egypt. This research presented a thorough qualitative analysis by using the documentary research methodology through the informative and the argumentative exploratory documentary research type to investigate the selected research topic. The paper concluded with concrete assumptions in relation to the external context, the public policy issue, the advocacy coalition, the policy-oriented learning, the advocacy coalition instruments and the policy change of the green economy policy in Egypt

THE ROLE OF THE STRICT CIVIL LIABILITY IN CONSUMER PROTECTION AND THE NEED FOR ITS APPLICATION IN THE ADVERTISING FIELD

 In this paper, we discuss the role of strict liability in consumer protection, in terms of reviewing the basis of substantive responsibility and reviewing many of its applications in this field. To extend their scope to civil liability in advertising. Accordingly, we will show the contemporary legislative direction to extend the strict liability in many areas with a view to protecting members of society from harm that may affect them, by recognizing their right to compensation without requiring the fault of the defendant, with the creation of financial resources allocated for this purpose, such as compensation For damages associated with medical treatment, compensation for damage caused by defective products, and the responsibility of the air carrier for the safety of passengers. Thus, we will focus on TV channels ads as well as new media technologies advertisement methods and the responsibilities of adviser or provider and how regulations could adapt to these new innovated ads techniques. The research has two parts, first part related to the law perspective point of view, the second one is related to the media advertisement field

Flexible Design and Operation of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Process Subject to Variable Fouling and Variable Freshwater Demand

yesThis work describes how the design and operation parameters of the Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination process are optimised when the process is subject to variation in seawater temperature, fouling and freshwater demand throughout the day. A simple polynomial based dynamic seawater temperature and variable freshwater demand correlations are developed based on actual data which are incorporated in the MSF mathematical model using gPROMS models builder 3.0.3. In addition, a fouling model based on stage temperature is considered. The fouling and the effect of noncondensable gases are incorporated into the calculation of overall heat transfer co-efficient for condensers. Finally, an optimisation problem is developed where the total daily operating cost of the MSF process is minimised by optimising the design (no of stages) and the operating (seawater rejected flowrate and brine recycle flowrate) parameters

3D Woven Composites: From Weaving to Manufacturing

Manufacturing near-net shape preforms of fibre-reinforced composites has received growing interest from industry. Traditionally, a preform was made from 2D fabrics, but recently, it has been shown that 3D textiles can be used with success; with weaving being the predominant technology for carbon fibre composites. In 3D weaving, weft, warp and binder fibres run across, along and through the fabrics in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. Producing a unitised single-piece fabric and subsequently reducing the takt time required for rapid composite manufacturing are two of the main advantages of using 3D woven preforms. Weaving of 3D fabrics, manufacturing of 3D composites, physical characterisation and mechanical testing of infused composites samples are discussed in this chapter. Finally, a large automotive composite made of single-piece 3D woven preform was manufactured and presented for demonstration

On the Digital Holographic Interferometry of Fibrous Material, I. Optical Properties of Polymer and Optical Fibers

The digital holographic interferometry (DHI) was utilized for investigating the optical properties of polymer and optical fibers. The samples investigated here were polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer fiber and graded-index (GRIN) optical fiber. The phase shifting Mach-Zehnder interferometer was used to obtain five phase-shifted holograms, in which the phase difference between two successive holograms is pi/2, for each fiber sample. These holograms were recorded using a CCD camera and were combined to gain a complex wavefield, which was numerically reconstructed using the convolution approach into amplitude and phase distributions. The reconstructed phase distribution was used to determine the refractive index, birefringence and refractive index profile of the studied samples. The mean refractive index has been measured with accuracy up to 4 {\times} 10-4. The main advantage of DHI is to overcome the manual focusing limitations by means of the numerical focusing. The results showed accurate measurements of the optical properties of fibers.Comment: abstract, reference

Operation and modelling of RO desalination process in batch mode

YesThe performance of a batch reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process in terms of permeate quantity and salinity as a function of feed pressure and feed salinity is evaluated by using laboratory experiments and process modelling. Special attention is paid to the water and salt permeability constants (Kw, Ks) which affect the permeate and salt flux across the membrane. Kw and Ks are found to be strongly pressure-dependent for the batch system which is in-line with earlier observations for continuous RO systems. However, the most important findings of this work are the dependence of Kw and Ks on feed salinity, something that have never been observed or reported in the literature. In order to better qualify these observations, further experiments with the batch system are conducted with a constant feed salinity so that the operating condition resembles that of a continuous RO process

In situ consolidation of thermoplastic prepreg tape using automated tape placement technology: Potential and possibilities

The key parameters of the in-situ consolidation of carbon fibre reinforced poly-ether-etherketone (AS4-CF/PEEK) by automated tape placement (ATP) process were investigated by manufacturing of continuous rings and by laying tape onto pre-consolidated laminates. In order to establish and understand correlations between the process parameters and mechanical properties, a number of parametric studies were performed by manufacturing and testing the interlaminar shear strength, single lap shear strength and fracture toughness samples. The main process parameters investigated were the compaction force, tape laying speed and tool temperature. To achieve a uniform heat distribution across the thermoplastic tape, a new nozzle was designed. Baseline samples were also manufactured using the autoclave process to provide a comparison for the ATP composites produced. Optical microscopy was used for investigating the microstructure of composites compared. It was found that increasing the tool temperature reduced the temperature gradient between the incoming tape and substrate, resulting in better lap-shear strength and fracture toughness properties