Językowa kreacja matki w Nad Niemnem Elizy Orzeszkowej

A content analysis of the E. Orzeszkowa’s Positivist novel Nad Niemnem [On the Niemen] makes it possible to indicate a number of different mother-types featured in the book and created by its author, namely: the Polish Mother, the caring cat mother, the cuckoo-type mother, the mother in absentia and the willow mother. The type of the Polish Mother (an ideal of patriotic motherhood, Polish: Matka Polka, the Polish Mother was the secular equivalent of the Holy Mother) is epitomized in Maria Kirłowa, earnestly and wisely devoted to her children. She runs and manages the household single-handedly, is a guardian of the home, and all alone raises her children and prepares them to live in the society of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Another mother, Andrzejowa Korczyńska, a proud Polish patriot, makes a rather monumental figure. Living a life full of ideals and rich promises, this widow seems to provide a model of proper motherhood to be followed, but, being alienated in thefamily and her social environment, is eventually a failure and she fails in life. Her son takes advantage of her, knowing that she is ready to do everything for him no matter what happens, like a cat-mother. The mother-cuckoo is represented by Starzyńska, who chooses her personal interests over the importance of family and her children, Janek and Antolka, and lets somebody else raise them. The reason behind her behavior is the need for remarrying, apparently stronger than her maternal feelings. The mother in absentia, i.e. one that is virtually non-existent in the process of the education and development of her children, is self-concentrated and self-obsessed Emilia. In this particular case, the role of Witold and Leonia’s mother is taken over by Marta, who – like a willow-mother – raises them, feeds them, educates, consoles and pampers them, not forgetting, however, about being a demanding and controlling guardian. Most of all, however, she is always there and is always ready to assist them. The novel, set in the complicated reality of the challenging second half of the nineteenth century, is a moving reminder how restrictive women’s standing was and how this situation influenced the woman’s family duties as well. These responsibilities were viewed and executed by contemporary mothers differently and had a different meaning for them, which is very eloquently presented in Eliza Orzeszkowa’s realistic novel

On eating and gobbling in old and modern Polish proverbs

The analysis of 694 proverbs selected from widely accessible collections allows their classification into semantic fields ranging from names of foods, ways of eating, the necessity and urge to eat as well as the effects of eating, to the rules of eating and conduct during meals. Most of the proverbs analysed refer to actual situations (ca. 84%); the remaining (ca. 16%) include metaphors that illustrate or codify social behaviours and their consequences. Proverbs registered in the 19th century written Polish language constitute over a half (52,4%) of the data, while those from the 20th century amount to over one fourth (26,3%). The rest (26,3%) is dated as coming from the 15th–18th century. Over 72% of the proverbs analysed are syntactically complex with regular sound instrumentation and about 28% are syntactically simple. The analysis brings out a very important need to regulate the rules of the eating process and of conduct while eating, as well as the significance of healthy nutrition

Diagnostyka różnicowa fibromialgii i zespołu bólu mięśniowo-powięziowego – rola oceny punktów tkliwych i punktów spustowych.

Fibromialgia jest często rozpoznawanym zespołem bólowym sprawiającym wiele problemów diagnostycznych z powodu różnorodności obrazu klinicznego i braku odchyleń w obiektywnych wynikach badań laboratoryjnych i obrazowych. Znanym powszechnie objawem choroby jest nadwrażliwość na ucisk specyficznych punktów, tak zwanych „tender points”. Patologiczna reakcja na ucisk lub drażnienie, tak zwane „trigger points”, jest z kolei charakterystyczną cechą innej jednostki chorobowej, zespołu bólu mięśniowo-powięziowego. W praktyce klinicznej obie choroby są często mylone lub utożsamiane. Obecna praca uzasadnia odrębność obydwu jednostek chorobowych, co powinno stanowić pomoc dla lekarzy praktyków i fizjoterapeutów. Forum Reumatol. 2019, tom 5, nr 2: 60–6

SACROILIAC JOINT SYNDROME – DESCRIPTION OF PAIN ETIOLOGY

Numerous clinical studies have supported the thesis that sacroiliac (SI) joints constitute one of the causes of spinal pain radiating to the lower limb. The pathology of SI joint has been variously defined. The majority of definitions refer to the joint structure as the potential source of pain.As far as the etiology of SI joint dysfunction is concerned, it has not been disambiguated yet.Among the main causative factors, injuries and strains of the structures surrounding the joint are noted.Joint pathology usually manifests itself by pain occurring within the area of the joint.The causes of pain may be divided into two categories: intra-articular and extra-articular.Pain caused by the SI joint may be nociceptive or neural in nature, whereaspain pattern characteristic of the joint correlates with its innervation (S2 dorsal rami) and is consistent with the localisation of radicular pain to a large extent

A linguistic-stylistic creation of the parents in Eliza Orzeszkowa’s Pamiętnik Wacławy

Pamiętnik Wacławy by E. Orzeszkowa is a novel presenting the fate of a young woman in a twofold reality: at first, it is assigned to the drawing room and social life; then, in the second stage, to a study. An important role in the linguistic creation of Wacława’s fate is played by the parents: mother – the parlor lady, father – researcher, university professor. The construction of these characters reflects the two different worlds that a young woman explores in order to ultimately choose the latter. The language (style, lexis, syntax) corresponds with the creation of Wacława as a spoiled miss (in the first volume) and a mature young lady (in the second volume)

The colors in the linguistic creation of the father in „Upon the Niemen” novels of Eliza Orzeszkowa

Fathers, step-father, caregivers in the ‘upon the Niemen’ novels by Eliza Orzeszkowa are fi gures clearly outlined. Their creations are made also by the means of color, light and shadow. Writer, creating the characters of fathers, stepfather and caregivers operates with the color subtly and sparingly, especially in the description of their clothes and bodies. Names, defi nitions of glow, light and shadow are the components serving the verbalization and dynamization of feelings, experiences and behaviors, as well as descriptions of the personality in the characteristics of characters. Creation of men are also served by the background and the environment color, which is a typical aspect of the novel design by Orzeszkowa

The linguistic creation of the mother’s representation in Eliza Orzeszkowa’s Nad Niemnem

Analiza treści epopei Nad Niemnem E. Orzeszkowej pozwala na wskazanie kilku wykreowanych przez pisarkę różnych typów matki, jak: matka Polka, matka kotka, matka kukułka, matka zaoczna i wierzbowa matka. Typem matki Polki jest mądrze dzieciom oddana Maria Kirłowa, która prowadzi samodzielnie gospodarstwo, jest strażniczką domowego ogniska, samotnie wychowuje dzieci do życia w społeczeństwie drugiej połowy XIX wieku. Kolejna matka, Andrzejowa Korczyńska, dumna patriotka, tworzy postać pomnikową. Żyjąca ideałami wdowa jest – jak może się wydawać – kobietą do naśladowania, ale wyalienowana środowiskowo ponosi porażkę. Syn wykorzystuje ją, wiedząc, że matka zrobi dla niego wszystko jak matka kotka. Matką kukułką jest Starzyńska, która swe dzieci – Janka i Antolkę podrzuca na wychowanie. Przyczyną jest silniejsza u tej kobiety od uczuć macierzyńskich potrzeba kolejnego zamążpójścia. Matką zaoczną, czyli nieobecną w procesie rozwoju dzieci, jest skupiona na sobie Emilia. Rolę matki Witolda i Leonii przejmuje za Emilię Marta, która – jak wierzbowa matka – wychowuje je, karmi, uczy, pociesza, rozpieszcza, ale wymaga, troszczy się, a przed wszystkim jest zawsze i dla nich. W skomplikowanej rzeczywistości drugiej połowy XIX wieku pozycja kobiet polskich była dość trudna, również i w zakresie pełnionych obowiązków macierzyńskich, postrzeganych i realizowanych przez matki bardzo różnie, czego wymowne odzwierciedlenie odnajdujemy w realistycznej powieści Nad Niemnem Elizy Orzeszkowej

God helps those who observe his holy days – Polish religious festivals in old and modern Polish phraseology and paremiology

For centuries, religious festivals have played an important culture-creating role in the Polish society. They also refer to the time around the festival seasons. The social importance of the holy days is reflected by a large number of phrasemes and proverbs found in dictionaries of the Polish language and paremiographic collections. The author has reviewed various lexicographic sources and selected several dozen phrasemes related to religious festivals in general as well as over 200 proverbs related to the most important Roman Catholic festivals i.e. Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Pentecost and Corpus Christi. The analysis shows that most of the proverbs relate to Christmas (63%), some of them to Easter (23%), Epiphany (7%) and Pentecost (5.5%), and few are connected to Corpus Christi (1.5%). The largest group of the studied proverbs refers to the weather and economy, few of which are actually in use today. Based on simple syntactic structures and grammatical rhymes, these proverbs once made it easier for Poles to understand and interpret their world. Today, they are a part of the Polish cultural [email protected] Szczeciński1329531

Linguistic creation of a Jewish family in "Meir Ezofowicz", a novel by Eliza Orzeszkowa

In her novel, Meir Ezofowicz, the author provides an insight into the social and culturalreality of a Jewish borderland town in the second half of the 19th century. The fourJewish families featured in the novel come from diverse cultural, socio-economic, andreligious backgrounds. The linguistic images created by Orzeszkowa reflect the stereotypicalperception of reality, and, at the same time, condemn all anti-social behaviour,including that observed within the Jewish diaspora community