Ilmastonmuutos ja hevosenlanta - uusiutuvan energian hyödyntämistä koskevan lainsäädännön lähempää tarkastelua

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Etappiluokan sosiaaliohjaajan työn prosessikuvaus Vantaan kaupungille

Kehittämishankkeen aihe tuli työelämän tarpeesta kehittää sosiaaliohjaajan työtä Vantaan kaupungin Etappiluokissa. Kehittämishankkeen tavoitteena oli tuottaa prosessikuvaus Etappiluokassa työskentelystä sosiaaliohjaajan näkökulmasta. Tarkoituksena oli kehittää koulun sosiaaliohjausta erityisopetuksen tukitoimena sekä ehkäistä alakoululaisten syrjäytymistä. Yhtenäisen prosessikuvauksen myötä Etappiluokkien sosiaaliohjauksella olisi yhtenäisemmät tavoitteet ja toimintakäytänteet. Kehittämishankkeen tietoperustan muodostavat dialogisuus, verkostotyö sekä erityistä tukea tarvitseva alakoululainen. Lähestymistapana on toimintatutkimus. Kehittämisen aineistonkeruumenetelminä käytettiin kyselyä, työkonferenssia sekä käsitekarttatyöskentelyä. Kehittämisen analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin sisällön analyysiä. Menetelmien ja niistä saatujen tulosten avulla luotiin prosessikuvaus ja työkäytänteet sosiaaliohjaajan työskentelyyn etappiluokassa. Kyselyn tuloksissa näkyi opettajien tarve saada moniammatillista tukea luokkaan. Työkonferenssissa nousivat esille eriävät työtavat, joita muokattiin käsitekarttatyöskentelyn avulla. Prosessikuvauksessa on pyritty huomioimaan jokaisen koulun erilaisuus, oppilaiden erilaiset tarpeet sekä työntekijöiden yksilöllisyys. Prosessikuvauksen tavoitteena on toimia sosiaaliohjaajien tukena päivittäisessä työskentelyssä. Kehittämishanke vastasi Vantaan kaupungin Etappiluokkien sosiaaliohjaajien tarpeeseen yhtenäisemmästä työn prosessikuvauksesta. Prosessikuvaus jättää mahdollisuuksia sen jatkokehittämiselle ja aktiiviselle päivittämiselle. Prosessikuvaus on jo arjen työssä käytössä, mutta kehittämishanketyön tekemisen jälkeen se selvensi työtehtävien yhteneväisyyttä Etappiluokissa.The subject for this development project came from the need to develop the work in all the Etappiluokka classes in city of Vantaa. The main priority of this development project was to produce process description of working in Etappiluokka in social instructors poin of view. The purpose was also to improve the social guidance in school as a support activity of special education and also to prevent social exclusion of children in primary school. By having a solid process description, the social guidance in all Etappiluokka classes could have more similar goals and policy. The knowledge fundament is based on the quality of being dialogical, networking and also a primary school attender who needs special support in studies. The approach for this study is activity analysis. The enquiry, working conference and a mind map were used as collecting material methods. The content analysis was used as an analysis method for development. With the help of methods and the results the process description and policy were created for social instructors in working in classes of Etappiluokka. The results revealed the teachers need to have multiprofessional support in class. Different working habits came out in working conference and they were modified with the help of mind mapping. In process description it is tried to take in to consideration that every school is different, the needs of every student are different and also the individuality of the employees. The goal of the process description is to act as a support in every day work of social instructors. Development project responded in the need for more solid process description in city of Vantaa Etappiluokka classes. Development project leaves opportunities for further development and active update. Process description is already in use but it clarified the coherence of tasks in classes of Etappiluokka after development project was made

Untargeted Lipidomic Analysis to Broadly Characterize the Effects of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Staphylococci on Mammalian Lipids

Modification of the host lipidome via secreted enzymes is an integral, but often overlooked aspect of bacterial pathogenesis. In the current era of prevalent antibiotic resistance, knowledge regarding critical host pathogen lipid interactions has the potential for use in developing novel antibacterial agents. While most studies to date on this matter have focused on specific lipids, or select lipid classes, this provides an incomplete picture. Modern methods of untargeted lipidomics have the capacity to overcome these gaps in knowledge and provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of infections. In an attempt to determine the role of lipid modifying enzymes produced by staphylococci, we exposed bovine heart lipids, a standardized model for the mammalian lipidome, to spent medium from staphylococcal cultures, and analyzed lipid molecular changes by MS/MSALLshotgun lipidomics. We elucidate distinct effects of different staphylococcal isolates, including 4 clinical isolates of the pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus, a clinical isolate of the normally commensal species S. epidermidis, and the non-pathogenic species S. carnosus. Two highly virulent strains of S. aureus had a more profound effect on mammalian lipids and modified more lipid classes than the other staphylococcal strains. Our studies demonstrate the utility of the applied untargeted lipidomics methodology to profile lipid changes induced by different bacterial secretomes. Finally, we demonstrate the promise of this lipidomics approach in assessing the specificity of bacterial enzymes for mammalian lipid classes. Our data suggests that there may be a correlation between the bacterial expression of lipid-modifying enzymes and virulence, and could facilitate the guided discovery of lipid pathways required for bacterial infections caused by S. aureus and thereby provide insights into the generation of novel antibacterial agents

What land-use pattern emerges with landscape-scale management? An ecosystem-service perspective

It is argued that landscape-scale management (LSM) of habitat is better than farm-scale management (FSM) when considering the externality of ecosystem services. Given this advantage, how to regulate individual farmers' land-use decisions to achieve the LSM solution is an issue of common concern both for farmers and policymakers. Specifically, it needs to be determined if there exists a dominant land-use pattern that characterizes the LSM solution compared to FSM solution. In addition to the area of habitat, we design a land-use pattern index (LPI) to characterize the configuration of habitat and project itonto the sharing-sparing continuum. We find that the LSM solution is characterized by less intensive farming, and configurations of habitat are closer to land sharing. However, as crop dependency on ecosystem-services declines, the land-use patterns with LSM and FSM converge and the configurations of habitat start to resemble to land sparing. In addition, when habitat quality improves the configurations of habitat on the border farms become important. Finally, the less mobile service-providers are, the more farmers should focus on land-use patterns on their own farms. Our indices of land-use patterns could be integrated into the cross-compliance of CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) to better manage ecosystem-service in the future

Land sparing versus land sharing:Moving forward

To address the challenges of biodiversity conservation and commodity production, a framework has been proposed that distinguishes between the integration (land sharing) and separation (land sparing) of conservation and production. Controversy has arisen around this framework partly because many scholars have focused specifically on food production rather than more encompassing notions such as land scarcity or food security. Controversy further surrounds the practical value of partial trade-off analyses, the ways in which biodiversity should be quantified, and a series of scale effects that are not readily accounted for. We see key priorities for the future in (1) addressing these issues when using the existing framework, and (2) developing alternative, holistic ways to conceptualise challenges related to food, biodiversity, and land scarcity

Characterization of Molecular Glycerophospholipids by Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

The physical properties of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) are not only determined by the head group (HG), but also by their fatty acid (FA) chains, which affect their distribution and function within membranes in the cell. Understanding the microheterogenity of lipid membranes on a molecular level requires qualitative and quantitative characterization of individual lipids and identification of their FA moieties. The aim of my study was to introduce the new technology of multiple precursor ion scanning (MPIS) on a QSTAR Pulsar time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QqTOF) to analyze lipids. Detailed information on fatty acid composition of individual GPL molecules could be obtained in parallel with conventional profiling of lipid classes, and this could be done by direct analysis of total lipid extracts. This method was termed Fatty Acid Scanning (FAS) and Head Group Scanning HGS, respectively. In this way the molecular GPL composition of total lipid extracts could be charted in a single analysis accurately and rapidly at a low picomole concentration level. Furthermore, combining FAS and HGS together with ion trap MS3 analysis allowed complete charting of the molecular composition of PCs, including quantification of their positional isomers, thus providing a detailed and comprehensive characterization of molecular composition of the pool of PCs. Development of the Lipid Profiler software allowed full automation and rapid processing of complex data, including identification and quantification of molecular GPLs. This approach was evaluated by preliminary applications. First, the molecular composition of PCs of total lipid extracts of MDCK cells and of human red blood cells (RBC) could accurately be charted. Significant presence of positional isomers was observed increasing the total number of individual PC species close to one hundred. Secondly, the molecular PC and SM species distribution in detergent resistant membranes (DRMs) prepared by Triton X-100 DRMs were analyzed and were found to be enriched in distinct GPLs. The distribution in PCs and SMs of Triton X-100 DRMs of RBC were compared with those of the DRMs of MDCK cells. Finally, combining the use of a 96 well plate and a robotic system demonstrated that these analyses can be automated and analyzed with high throughput. This system we termed Shotgun Lipidomics. Taken together, this mass spectrometric methodology provides rapid and detailed insight into the distribution of the molecular GPLs of membranes and membrane sub-fractions

Identification of plasma lipid biomarkers for prostate cancer by lipidomics and bioinformatics

Background: Lipids have critical functions in cellular energy storage, structure and signaling. Many individual lipid molecules have been associated with the evolution of prostate cancer; however, none of them has been approved to be used as a biomarker. The aim of this study is to identify lipid molecules from hundreds plasma apparent lipid species as biomarkers for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using lipidomics, lipid profiling of 390 individual apparent lipid species was performed on 141 plasma samples from 105 patients with prostate cancer and 36 male controls. High throughput data generated from lipidomics were analyzed using bioinformatic and statistical methods. From 390 apparent lipid species, 35 species were demonstrated to have potential in differentiation of prostate cancer. Within the 35 species, 12 were identified as individual plasma lipid biomarkers for diagnosis of prostate cancer with a sensitivity above 80%, specificity above 50% and accuracy above 80%. Using top 15 of 35 potential biomarkers together increased predictive power dramatically in diagnosis of prostate cancer with a sensitivity of 93.6%, specificity of 90.1% and accuracy of 97.3%. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) demonstrated that patient and control populations were visually separated by identified lipid biomarkers. RandomForest and 10-fold cross validation analyses demonstrated that the identified lipid biomarkers were able to predict unknown populations accurately, and this was not influenced by patient's age and race. Three out of 13 lipid classes, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamine (ePE) and ether-linked phosphatidylcholine (ePC) could be considered as biomarkers in diagnosis of prostate cancer. Conclusions/Significance: Using lipidomics and bioinformatic and statistical methods, we have identified a few out of hundreds plasma apparent lipid molecular species as biomarkers for diagnosis of prostate cancer with a high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy