Land2Sea database of river drainage basin sizes, annual water discharges, and suspended sediment fluxes

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 10 (2009): Q06014, doi:10.1029/2008GC002356.The Land2Sea database contains data on the sizes of 1519 exorheic river drainage basins (79% of the exorheic land area), annual suspended sediment fluxes (593 rivers, 63% of the exorheic land area), and water discharges (1272 rivers, 76% of the exorheic land area) that have been compiled from a variety of sources. The database extends earlier compilations, such as GEMS/GLORI. The river basins are grouped into 19 large-scale drainage regions to investigate the regional variability in freshwater and sediment fluxes to various ocean basins. The annual suspended sediment flux to the coastal ocean (~18.5 × 109 tons) is dominated by east Asia (6.1 × 109 tons); Arabia, India, and southeast Asia (4.3 × 109 tons); and eastern South America (2.4 × 109 tons). Small topical islands of Oceania support the highest annual sediment fluxes per drainage area (~9650 t km−2 a−1). Annual freshwater discharge to the coastal ocean (~38,857 km3) is dominated by runoff from eastern South America (11,199 km3); east Asia (7114 km3); and Arabia, India, and southeast Asia (4384 km3). The empirical data agree well with results from global models (ART and BQART) that have been trained on a subset of the data compiled here.The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the U.S. National Science Foundation (grants EAR-0519387 and OCE-0851015), and the French CNRS (Observatoire Midi- Pyre´ne´es in Toulouse, France) funded this work

Quantitative bedrock geology of Brazil

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 8 (2007): Q05014, doi:10.1029/2006GC001505.We quantitatively analyze the area-age distribution of sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic, and ultramafic bedrock on the basis of data from the digital geologic map of Brazil, published as a GIS map by the Brazilian Geological Survey. Bedrock units exclusively encompassing sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, or metamorphic rocks cover 40.4%, 31.5%, and 17.7%, respectively, of the total bedrock area. These numbers have to be considered minimum estimates of the areal abundance of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic bedrock because polygons defined by mixed lithologies cover ~8.5–9.5% of the total bedrock area. These mixed units are sedimentary rocks with igneous and/or metamorphic contributions (1.4%), metamorphic rocks with sedimentary contributions (1.2%), metamorphic rocks with igneous contributions (1.5%), igneous rocks with sedimentary and/or metamorphic contributions (4.4%), and ultramafic units with sedimentary, igneous, and/or metamorphic contributions (~1–2%). The average ages of major lithologic units, weighted according to bedrock area, are as follows: sedimentary rocks (average stratigraphic age of 248 ± 5 [1σ] Myr; median stratigraphic age of 87.5 Myr), igneous rocks (1153 ± 13 [1σ] Myr), metamorphic rocks (1678 ± 30 [1σ] Myr), and ultramafic rocks (~1227 ± 25 [1σ] Myr). The average bedrock age of Brazil is 946 ± 7 [1σ] Myr. The range in lithologic composition and age structure of the various bedrock units reflects the complex tectonic makeup of Brazil that ranges from Neogene sedimentary cover in the Amazon Basin to Precambrian cratons (Guyana and Brazilian shields) and Transamazonian greenstone belts. The average spatial resolution of the data is 232 km2 polygon−1 and is sufficient to perform area-age analyses of individual river drainage basins larger than ~5,000 km2.B.P.E. acknowledges financial support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF-EAR-0125873) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Quantitative bedrock geology of the continents and large-scale drainage regions

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 8 (2007): Q06009, doi:10.1029/2006GC001544.We quantitatively analyze the area-age distribution of sedimentary, extrusive volcanic, and endogenous (plutonic and/or metamorphic) bedrock on the basis of data from the most recent digital Geological Map of the World at a scale of 1:25,000,000. The spatial resolution of the digital bedrock data averages 13,905 km2 per polygon. Comparison of certain regions of the world, previously analyzed at higher spatial resolution, with the low-resolution world data reveals general consistency in the areal exposure of major rock types as well as a minor systematic bias toward older average bedrock ages in the global data set. Application of the global bedrock data to 19 large-scale drainage regions and three large, internally drained regions reveals considerable regional variability of Earth's bedrock geology that is consistent with the dominant geotectonic setting of the respective drainage region.B.P.E. acknowledges financial support from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF-EAR- 0125873) and from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Quantitative bedrock geology of east and Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, eastern and southeastern China, East Timor, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, far-eastern Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam)

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 5 (2004): Q01B06, doi:10.1029/2003GC000619.We quantitatively analyze the area-age distribution of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic bedrock based on data from the most recent digital geologic maps of East and Southeast Asia (Coordinating Committee for Coastal and Offshore Geosciences Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) and the Geologic Survey of Japan, 1997; 1:2,000,000), published as Digital Geoscience Map G-2 by the Geological Survey of Japan. Sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, plutonic rocks, ultramafic rocks and metamorphic rocks cover 73.3%, 8.5%, 8.8%, 0.9%, and 8.6% of the surface area, respectively. The average ages of major lithologic units, weighted according to bedrock area, are as follows: sedimentary rocks (average stratigraphic age of 123 Myr/median age of 26 Myr), volcanic rocks (84 Myr/20 Myr), intrusive rocks (278 Myr/195 Myr), ultramafic rocks (unknown) and metamorphic rocks (1465 Myr/1118 Myr). The variability in lithologic composition and age structure of individual countries reflects the complex tectonic makeup of this region that ranges from Precambrian cratons (e.g., northeast China and North Korea) to Mesozoic-Cenozoic active margins (e.g., Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea). The spatial resolution of the data varies from 44 km2 per polygon (Japan) to 1659 km2 per polygon (Taiwan) and is, on average (490 km2/polygon), similar to our previous analyses of the United States of America and Canada. The temporal and spatial resolution is sufficiently high to perform age-area analyses of individual river basins larger than ∼10,000 km2 and to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between bedrock geology and river chemistry. As many rivers draining tropical, mountainous islands of East and Southeast Asia have a disproportionate effect on the dissolved and particulate load delivered to the world oceans, bedrock geology in such river drainage basins disproportionately affect ocean chemistry.Financial support was provided through the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF-EAR-0125873) to BPE

Einfluss des Kurzschaftdesigns der NANOS®-Hüfttotalendoprothese auf den periprothetischen Knochenumbau:Eine osteodensitometrische Untersuchung 3 und 12 Monate postoperativ im Vergleich mit einem Standard-Geradschaftsystem

36 Patienten mit einem Alloclassic®-Standardgeradschaft und 33 mit dem NANOS®-Kurzschaftsystem wurden anhand des klinischen, psychometrischen und radiologischen Befundes, sowie des Aktivitätsgrades 1,3 bzw. 1,1 Jahre postoperativ nachuntersucht. Osteodensitometrische Untersuchungen wurden nach 3 und 12 Monaten durchgeführt. Der durchschnittliche HHS betrug 91,3, bzw. 96,5, der Aktivitätsgrad 8,31 bzw. 9,16 Punkte. Die Osteodenstometrie zeigte eine höhere Knochendichte in den proximalen Zonen 1, 6 und 7 für die NANOS®-Prothese in der primären postoperativen Phase. Die 12-Monats-Untersuchung ließ in den ROI 1, 3, 4, und 5 des Alloclassic®-Schaftes höhere Werte erkennen. Das Kurzschaftsystem verdeutlichte seine Vorteile in der primären, postoperativen Phase hinsichtlich physiologischer Krafteinleitung. Die NANOS®-Prothese konnte durch knochenschonende Implantationstechnik, einfache Handhabung und gute Patientenzufriedenheit ihre Vorteile bei primärem Hüftgelenkersatz aufzeigen

Evidence for weathering and volcanism during the PETM from Arctic Ocean and Peri-Tethys osmium isotope records

Sudden global warming during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.9 Ma) occurred because of the rapid release of several thousand gigatonnes of isotopically light carbon into the oceans and atmosphere; however, the cause of this release is not well understood. Some studies have linked carbon injection to volcanic activity associated with the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP), while others have emphasised carbon cycle feedbacks associated with orbital forcing. This study presents the osmium isotope compositions of mudrocks that were deposited during the PETM at four locations (one from the Arctic Ocean, and three from the Peri-Tethys). The Os-isotope records all exhibit a shift of similar magnitude towards relatively radiogenic values across the PETM. This observation confirms that there was a transient, global increase in the flux of radiogenic Os from the weathering of continental rocks in response to elevated temperatures at that time. The tectonic effects of NAIP volcanic emplacement near the onset of the PETM is recorded by anomalously radiogenic Os-isotope compositions of PETM-age Arctic Ocean samples, which indicate an interval of hydrographic restriction that can be linked tectonic uplift due to hotspot volcanism in the North Atlantic seaway. The Peri-Tethys data also document a transient, higher flux of unradiogenic osmium into the ocean near the beginning of the PETM, most likely from the weathering of young mafic rocks associated with the NAIP. These observations support the hypothesis that volcanism played a major role in triggering the cascade of environmental changes during the PETM, and highlight the influence of paleogeography on the Os isotope characteristics of marine water masses

Estudo de caso: mapeamento dos custos da produção leiteira em uma propriedade rural do Vale do Taquari

Nesta monografia é descrito um estudo de caso que aborda o mapeamento dos custos da produção leiteira em propriedade rural localizada no Vale do Taquari. O estudo teve como objetivo mapear os custos, as receitas e o lucro do litro de leite tipo B na referida propriedade; bem como apurar a lucratividade, a relação custo versus benefício e o tempo de retorno do investimento. Os aportes teóricos para este estudo referem-se à descrição da produção leiteira, empresa rural, agricultura familiar e agronegócio. Em adição, o estudo baseia-se nas teorias voltadas à gestão de custos e gestão rural. Metodologicamente, classifica-se como uma pesquisa aplicada, quanto aos seus objetivos como exploratória, descritiva e explicativa, sendo do tipo aplicada no campo para a coleta de dados dos custos gerados. Para isso, foram utilizados os dados existentes na propriedade, no período de janeiro a julho de 2015. Os resultados obtidos mostram que: a) os custos gerais representam 6,94% dos custos totais; os de manutenção, 7,63%; a mão de obra fixa, 1,65%; os de alimentação dos animais, 69,81%; e os outros gastos com a produção, 13,16%; b) o custo para produzir um litro de leite do tipo B consistiu em R$0,99 nesta propriedade; c) a lucratividade da atividade média mensal apontou 17,67$ 1,21; e, e) o prazo de retorno do investimento é de 13 anos. Como melhorias, sugere-se organizar um sistema para as tarefas funcionais e também a socialização dos resultados entre os integrantes da família para auxiliar na tomada de decisão futuras. Também foi sugerida uma análise para a redução do custo de alimentação dos animais, o qual se mostrou bastante elevado em relação aos demais custos de produção envolvidos (69,81%).This work describes a study on a rural property located in Taquari Valley. This work aims to map the costs, revenues, profit per liter of milk type B, in the property, and to identify the profitability, cost benefit and the payback time of investment. The theoretical support for this study is grounded in the description of milk production, rural business, family agriculture and agribusiness. In addition, the study is based on theories focused on cost and rural management. Methodologically, is classified as an applied research and as to their goals, classified as exploratory, descriptive and explanatory in this case applied in the field to collect data generated costs, and for that, used historical data on the property, from January to July 2015. The results show that: a) overall costs represent 6.94% of total costs; maintaining the 7.63%; fixed labor 1.65%; the animal feed 69.81%; and other expenses with 13.16% production; b) the cost to produce a liter of milk Type B consisted of R $0.99 this property; c) the profitability of the monthly average activity pointed 17.67$ 1.21 and; e) the return on investment amounts to 13 years. As improvements are suggested to organize a system for functional tasks and also data should be socialized among family members to assist in decision making. It was also suggested an analysis to reduce the cost of animal feed, which proved to be quite high compared to other production costs involved (69.81%)