Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Siswa pada Materi Sistem Pencernaan pada Manusia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan model pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa pada materi sistem pencernaan pada manusia.Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI)dan variabel terikatnya adalah kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa. Metode yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif. Bentuk penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen. Bentuk desain quasi eksperimen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah Sampling Jenuh. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik observasi, teknik pengukuran, dan teknik komunikasi tidak langsung. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Silabus, RPP, LKS, lembar observasi, soal tes, dan angket. Perhitungan hasil kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa diperoleh nilai rata-rata pretest kelas eksperimen 43,8 sedangkan posttest 73,9 dan kelas kontrol nilai rata-rata pretest 43,8 sedangkan posttest60,6. Hasil uji hipotesis pada data posttest didapatkan nilai signifikansi (Asimp. Sig. 2-tailed) sebesar 0,000, dan hasil ini kurang dari 0,05 (0,000<0,05) maka Ha diterima. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaanyang signifikan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa pada materi sistem pencernaan pada manusia antara kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol di kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Belimbing Hulu. Hasil analisis angket diperoleh rata-rata nilai 98,58% dengan kategori sangat kuat

Development of atopic sensitization in Finnish and Estonian children : A latent class analysis in a multicenter cohort

Background: The prevalence of atopy is associated with a Western lifestyle, as shown by studies comparing neighboring regions with different socioeconomic backgrounds. Atopy might reflect various conditions differing in their susceptibility to environmental factors. Objective: We sought to define phenotypes of atopic sensitization in early childhood and examine their association with allergic diseases and hereditary background in Finland and Estonia. Methods: The analysis included 1603 Finnish and 1657 Estonian children from the DIABIMMUNE multicenter young children cohort. Specific IgE levels were measured at age 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively, and categorized into 3 CAP classes. Latent class analysis was performed with the statistical software package poLCA in R software. Results: Both populations differed in terms of socioeconomic status and environmental determinants, such as pet ownership, farm-related exposure, time spent playing outdoors, and prevalence of allergic diseases (all P Conclusion: Despite profound differences in environmental exposures, there might exist genuine patterns of atopic sensitization. The distribution of these patterns might determine the contribution of atopic sensitization to disease onset.Peer reviewe

Excessive Unbalanced Meat Consumption in the First Year of Life Increases Asthma Risk in the PASTURE and LUKAS2 Birth Cohorts

A higher diversity of food items introduced in the first year of life has been inversely related to subsequent development of asthma. In the current analysis, we applied latent class analysis (LCA) to systematically assess feeding patterns and to relate them to asthma risk at school age. PASTURE (N=1133) and LUKAS2 (N=228) are prospective birth cohort studies designed to evaluate protective and risk factors for atopic diseases, including dietary patterns. Feeding practices were reported by parents in monthly diaries between the 4(th) and 12(th) month of life. For 17 common food items parents indicated frequency of feeding during the last 4 weeks in 4 categories. The resulting 153 ordinal variables were entered in a LCA. The intestinal microbiome was assessed at the age of 12 months by 16S rRNA sequencing. Data on feeding practice with at least one reported time point was available in 1042 of the 1133 recruited children. Best LCA model fit was achieved by the 4-class solution. One class showed an elevated risk of asthma at age 6 as compared to the other classes (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 8.47, 95% CI 2.52-28.56, p = 0.001) and was characterized by daily meat consumption and rare consumption of milk and yoghurt. A refined LCA restricted to meat, milk, and yoghurt confirmed the asthma risk effect of a particular class in PASTURE and independently in LUKAS2, which we thus termed unbalanced meat consumption (UMC). The effect of UMC was particularly strong for non-atopic asthma and asthma irrespectively of early bronchitis (aOR: 17.0, 95% CI 5.2-56.1, p < 0.001). UMC fostered growth of iron scavenging bacteria such as Acinetobacter (aOR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.00-1.63, p = 0.048), which was also related to asthma (aOR: 1.55, 95% CI 1.18-2.03, p = 0.001). When reconstructing bacterial metabolic pathways from 16S rRNA sequencing data, biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides emerged as top hit (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.13-2.19, p = 0.007). By a data-driven approach we found a pattern of overly meat consumption at the expense of other protein sources to confer risk of asthma. Microbiome analysis of fecal samples pointed towards overgrowth of iron-dependent bacteria and bacterial iron metabolism as a potential explanation.Peer reviewe

Effect of Processing Intensity on Immunologically Active Bovine Milk Serum Proteins

Consumption of raw cow's milk instead of industrially processed milk has been reported to protect children from developing asthma, allergies, and respiratory infections. Several heat-sensitive milk serum proteins have been implied in this effect though unbiased assessment of milk proteins in general is missing. The aim of this study was to compare the native milk serum proteome between raw cow's milk and various industrially applied processing methods, i.e., homogenization, fat separation, pasteurization, ultra-heat treatment (UHT), treatment for extended shelf-life (ESL), and conventional boiling. Each processing method was applied to the same three pools of raw milk. Levels of detectable proteins were quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry following filter aided sample preparation. In total, 364 milk serum proteins were identified. The 140 proteins detectable in 66% of all samples were entered in a hierarchical cluster analysis. The resulting proteomics pattern separated mainly as high (boiling, UHT, ESL) versus no/low heat treatment (raw, skimmed, pasteurized). Comparing these two groups revealed 23 individual proteins significantly reduced by heating, e.g., lactoferrin (log2-fold change = -0.37, p = 0.004), lactoperoxidase (log2-fold change = -0.33, p = 0.001), and lactadherin (log2-fold change = -0.22, p = 0.020). The abundance of these heat sensitive proteins found in higher quantity in native cow's milk compared to heat treated milk, renders them potential candidates for protection from asthma, allergies, and respiratory infections

Identification of OCA2 as a novel locus for the co-morbidity of asthma-plus-eczema

Background: Numerous genes have been associated with the three most common allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis or eczema) but these genes explain only a part of the heritability. In the vast majority of genetic studies, complex phenotypes such as co- morbidity of two of these diseases, have not been considered. This may partly explain missing heritability. Objective: To identify genetic variants specifically associated with the co-morbidity of asthma-plus-eczema. Methods: We first conducted a meta-analysis of four GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study) of the combined asthma-plus-eczema phenotype (total of 8807 European-ancestry subjects of whom 1208 subjects had both asthma and eczema). To assess whether the association with SNP(s) was specific to the co- morbidity, we also conducted a meta-analysis of homogeneity test of association according to disease status (“asthma-plus-eczema” vs. the presence of only one disease “asthma only or eczema only”). We then used a joint test by combining the two test statistics from the co-morbidity-SNP association and the phenotypic heterogeneity of SNP effect meta-analyses. Results: Seven SNPs were detected for specific association to the asthma-plus-eczema co-morbidity, two with significant and five with suggestive evidence using the joint test after correction for multiple testing. The two significant SNPs are located in the OCA2 gene (Oculocutaneous Albinism II), a new locus never detected for significant evidence of association with any allergic disease. This gene is a promising candidate gene, because of its link to skin and lung diseases, and to epithelial barrier and immune mechanisms. Conclusion: Our study underlines the importance of studying sub-phenotypes as co-morbidities to detect new susceptibility genes

Bioavailability and allergoprotective capacity of milk-associated conjugated linoleic acid in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation

BACKGROUND Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have demonstrated that farm milk from traditional farm settings possesses allergoprotective properties. Up to now, it has not been clarified which milk ingredient is responsible for protection against allergic diseases. As farm milk is rich in conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), it is hypothesized that this n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid family contributes to the allergoprotective capacity of farm milk. We aim to prove this hypothesis in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS To prove the bioavailability and allergoprotective capacity of milk-associated CLA in a standardized protocol, milk batches that differed significantly in terms of their CLA content were spray dried and incorporated into a basic diet by substituting the regular sunflower fat fraction. Initially, the milk CLA uptake from the diet was monitored via measurement of the CLA content in plasma and erythrocyte membranes obtained from supplemented mice. To determine whether a milk CLA-enriched diet possesses allergoprotective properties, female Balb/c mice were fed the milk CLA-enriched diet ahead of sensitization and a challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) and the parameters of airway inflammation and eisosanoid pattern were measured. RESULTS In animals, supplementation with a diet rich in milk CLA resulted in elevated CLA levels in plasma and erythrocyte membranes, indicating bioavailability of milk fatty acids. Though membrane-associated phospholipid patterns were affected by supplementation with milk CLA, this application neither reduced the hallmarks of allergic airway inflammation in sensitized and OVA-challenged mice nor modified the eiconsanoid pattern in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of these animals. CONCLUSION Milk-associated CLA was not capable of preventing murine allergic airway inflammation in an animal model of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation

Genome-wide interaction study of early-life smoking exposure on time-to-asthma onset in childhood

Background: Asthma, a heterogeneous disease with variable age of onset, results from the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Early-life tobacco smoke (ELTS) exposure is a major asthma risk factor. Only a few genetic loci have been reported to interact with ELTS exposure in asthma. Objective: Our aim was to identify new loci interacting with ELTS exposure on time-to-asthma onset (TAO) in childhood.Methods: We conducted genome-wide interaction analyses of ELTS exposure on time-to-asthma onset in childhood in five European-ancestry studies (totaling 8,273 subjects) using Cox proportional-hazard model. The results of all five genome-wide analyses were meta-analyzed.Results: The 13q21 locus showed genome-wide significant interaction with ELTS exposure (P=4.3x10-8 for rs7334050 within KLHL1 with consistent results across the five studies). Suggestive interactions (P&lt;5x10-6) were found at three other loci: 20p12 (rs13037508 within MACROD2; P=4.9x10-7), 14q22 (rs7493885 near NIN; P=2.9x10-6) and 2p22 (rs232542 near CYP1B1; P=4.1x10-6). Functional annotations and the literature showed that the lead SNPs at these four loci influence DNA methylation in the blood and are located nearby CpG sites reported to be associated with exposure to tobacco smoke components, which strongly support our findings.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: We identified novel candidate genes interacting with ELTS exposure on time-to-asthma onset in childhood. These genes have plausible biological relevance related to tobacco smoke exposure. Further epigenetic and functional studies are needed to confirm these findings and to shed light on the underlying mechanisms

omega-3 fatty acids contribute to the asthma-protective effect of unprocessed cow's milk

Background: Living on a farm has repeatedly been shown to protect children from asthma and allergies. A major factor involved in this effect is consumption of unprocessed cow's milk obtained directly from a farm. However, this phenomenon has never been shown in a longitudinal design, and the responsible milk components are still unknown. Objectives: We sought to assess the asthma-protective effect of unprocessed cow's milk consumption in a birth cohort and to determine whether the differences in the fatty acid (FA) composition of unprocessed farm milk and industrially processed milk contributed to this effect. Methods: The Protection Against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) study followed 1133 children living in rural areas in 5 European countries from birth to age 6 years. In 934 children milk consumption was assessed by using yearly questionnaires, and samples of the ``usually'' consumed milk and serum samples of the children were collected at age 4 years. Doctor-diagnosed asthma was parent reported at age 6 years. In a nested case-control study of 35 asthmatic and 49 nonasthmatic children, 42 FAs were quantified in milk samples. Results: The risk of asthma at 6 years of age was reduced by previous consumption of unprocessed farm milk compared with shop milk (adjusted odds ratio for consumption at 4 years, 0.26; 95% CI,0.10-0.67). Part of the effect was explained by the higher fat content of farm milk, particularly the higher levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs (adjusted odds ratio, 0.29; 95% CI,0.11-0.81). Conclusion: Continuous farm milk consumption in childhood protects against asthma at school age partially by means of higher intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs, which are precursors of anti-inflammatory mediators.Peer reviewe