Late Qing parliamentarism and the borderlands of the Qing Empire—Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang (1906–1911)

The article examines the relationship between the late Qing constitutional movement of 1905–1911 and the vast borderland regions of the Qing Empire–that is, Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang. It traces how intellectuals and officials concerned with devising constitutional policies foresaw the integration of these regions into the nascent parliamentary institutions at the provincial and central levels. The article argues that the status of the borderlands played a significant role in late Qing constitutional debates, and that debates on borderland constitutionalism were a phenomenon of a wider constitutional wave affecting Eurasia in the 1900s. Chinese intellectuals and officials felt the competition of the emerging parliamentary institutions in Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and anticipating that constitutional and parliamentarist movements among Mongols, Tibetans, and Turki could lead to the separation of the respective regions, they hoped that parliamentary representation, albeit limited, would be an instrument against centrifugal tendencies on the borders. Hence, they called for constitutional reforms in China and for the inclusion of the borderland populations into the new parliamentary institutions. Yet, arguing with the sparse population of the borderlands as well as with their alleged economic and cultural backwardness, they denied the direct application of the constitutional plan to these territories. The differentiated policies eventually applied to the borderlands were a lackluster compromise between these conflicting interests

China and the Political Upheavals in Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia: Non-Western Influences on Constitutional Thinking in Late Imperial China, 1893-1911

Research about Sino-foreign cultural interactions during the last decades of the Qing Empire pays much attention to the extremely dense and complex relations between Japan and China. Against this backdrop, historians have tended to neglect that the Chinese “constitutional preparation” of the years 1905-06 was concomitant to the promulgation of constitutional documents in other thitherto absolutist countries such as Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Persia. This paper shows that, during the whole period of “constitutional preparation”, the Qing government, media and intellectuals remained well aware of these events

The 22 Frimaire of Yuan Shikai: Privy councils in the constitutional architectures of Japan and China, 1887–1917

Privy councils are among the most traditional, yet least conspicuous forms of collective decision-making in modern states. However, using the example of East Asia, this chapter shows that, far from being a moribund relic of the pre-constitutional past, advisory councils to the head of state were a highly productive global element of constitution-building which was variously adapted according to local needs and conditions. The architecture of the Napoleonic Constitution of 22 Frimaire, which complemented the executive ministers of state with an additional Council of State and came to be underpinned by the idea of a “neutral” or “moderating” branch of government, promised attractive advantages to the makers of East Asia’s first modern constitutions. The Japanese Privy Council (Sūmitsuin) alleviated the dangers of putting too much power into the hands of the Emperor, while also securing the power of the ruling oligarchy in a context of mistrust of the legislative branch. The Sūmitsuin served as a model for both the Qing Empire and the Republic of China, although the political objectives attached to the respective advisory councils diverged significantly. Eventually, both in Japan and in China, the institution was abolished when it had become too closely connected with authoritarian politics

Parliamentary options for a multi-ethnic state: sovereignty, frontier governance, and representation in early twentieth-century China

This article reconstructs two modes of parliamentary representation of (post-)imperial diversity in early twentieth-century China. One model foresaw a differentiated representation of the borderlands in the nascent parliamentary institutions, using upper house seats to garner loyalty from the nobility at the same time as it denied electoral participation. The second model stipulated electoral equality between the borderland regions and the inner provinces. While the first model parliamentarized imperial forms of governance, it was also informed by and partially conformed to global models of governance. The second was informed by notions of undivided national sovereignty. In the late Qing Empire, the government decided against the second model, for it was deemed to presuppose a degree of national integration not given in the Empire. The challenges posed by the proclamation of the Republic of China, in particular the declarations of independence of Mongolia and Tibet, led to a strong emphasis on the newly-founded state’s unity and the swift adoption of the second model. This choice, however, was neither uncontested nor was its implementation complete

Creating a Constitutional Absolute Monarchy: Li Jiaju, Dashou, and Late Qing Interpretations of the Japanese Parliament

This paper explores interpretations of the Japanese parliament by governmental actors in the Qing empire, most importantly the commissioners for constitutional research Li Jiaju 李家駒 (1871–1938) and Dashou 達壽 (1870–1939). It shows that, within a theoretical framework formed in dialogue with their Japanese constitutionalist colleagues, these actors came to understand the Japanese parliament as an organ possessing tightly limited attributions gifted by the emperor. They maintained that the constitutional system should not be parliamentary, although the parliament was one of its necessary elements. Rather, it should be based on an imperially authorised constitutional document and a form of government centred on the figure of the emperor, in which the parliament would play a consultative rather than legislative role. Ultimately, the article shows that, within a Eurasia-wide wave of imperial transformation in which officials envisioned parliaments mainly as organs designed to increase governmental efficiency, political actors like Li Jiaju and Dashou creatively adapted categories of political science to their own political needs

Um inédito de Egas Moniz

RÉSUMÉ: Une longue lettre de Egas Moniz & Walter Freeman, neurologue à Washington - datée de 1946- est publiée pour la première fois. Le savant portugais, qui a découvert I ‘angiographie cérébrales et la leucotomie, y décrit ouvertement Ies circonstances politiques de son pays depuis 1e début de la dictature de Salazar, les difficultés rencoiztrées pour mener & bien ses recherches et les divergences qui I‘ont opposé à Sobral Cid, son contemporain et Professeur de Psychiatrie à Lisbonne, jusqu'en 1941.SUMMARY: A so far unpublished letter by Egas Moniz to Walter Freeman, the american neurologist, is presented. The letter is dated 1946. The portuguese scientist, discoverer of cerebral arteriography and leucotomy, describes in the letter, quite openly, the political conditions of the country under dictator Salazar's rule, the obstacles he had to fight to proceed with his researches and the differences that opposed him to Sobra1 Cid, his contemporary and Professor of Psychiatry in Lisbon, until 1941

Morphological study of the apical foramen after patency with endodontic files

Orientador: Francisco Jose de Souza FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Para realizar a patência e ampliação dos forames apicais, com o objetivo de avaliar a evolução de sua forma, foi realizada a instrumentação dos canais de 48 dentes, 23 incisivos inferiores e 25 caninos, superiores ou inferiores. A instrumentação foi executada através de acesso radicular com brocas de Gates-Glidden, ampliação coroa-ápice com instrumentos manuais e, trabalhando 1mm além do comprimento do canal, ampliação do forame apical com três ou cinco limas tipo K. Os forames apicais foram avaliados ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, antes da instrumentação, depois da ampliação com três limas e, numa terceira análise, após o uso de mais dois instrumentos - totalizando cinco limas. Nas fotomicrografias produzidas com 50, 100 e 150 aumentos, com o auxílio de um programa de análise de imagens, foram medidos oito raios da imagem de cada forame apical, a partir do centro de seu maior diâmetro. A divisão do desvio padrão destas medidas pela média refletiu numericamente a regularidade dos forames. A análise destes valores indicou que os forames apicais foram regularizados pela ampliação com três limas e com cinco limas, em ambas as situações, com diferença estatisticamente significativa para a forma inicial. A análise destes valores, dividindo os 48 dentes em grupos, indicou: a) haver maior regularização do forame apical em canais com menor curvatura radicular, com diferença estatisticamente significativa, quando comparados ao grupo com curvatura radicular moderada; e b) ocorrer o melhor resultado na regularização quando instrumentados os canais sem curva apical, com diferença estatisticamente significativa, quando comparados aos canais que apresentavam curva em seu final, fato observado mesmo em raízes retas. A ampliação dos forames apicais se mostrou capaz de regularizar sua forma, com melhor desempenho em canais menos curvos, tornando-os mais circulares, exceção feita aos dentes cujos canais apresentavam curva apical, nos quais houve deformação dos foramesAbstract: The resulting shape of the apical foramens of 48 teeth - 23 lower incisors and 25 upper or lower cuspids - was evaluated after enlargement with 3 or 5 K-type files in root canal treatment performed with radicular access before the crown-down instrumentation technique and followed by serial instrumentation of the canal, with the file going beyond the apical foramen, so as to enlarge it. The apical foramens of each one of the teeth were evaluated with scanning electron microscope, before the instrumentation, after the enlargement with the first apical file and two other instruments, plus a third assessment after the use of two more instruments - totaling four files in addition to the initial anatomical file. In the photomicrographs, 100x and 150x magnification, eight radiuses of each apical foramen were measured with the help of an image analysis software from the center of their largest diameter. The division of the standard deviation of those measurements by the average reflects the regularity of the foramens in numerical terms. The analysis of the numbers indicated that the apical foramens were evened by the enlargement with 3 and 5 files, in both cases with statistically significant difference from the original shape. Such analysis, dividing the 48 teeth into groups, showed: a) greater evenness of the apical foramen in canals with less pronounced root curvature, with statistically significant difference when compared to the moderate curvature group; and, b) better result in teeth with no root canal apical curvature, with statistically significant difference, when compared to teeth with root canal apical curvature, a fact observed even in straight roots. The enlargement of apical foramens was proven to even their shape, with better result in less curved canals, rendering them more circular, with the exception of teeth with canals having apical curvature, in which the foramens suffered deformationDoutoradoEndodontiaDoutor em Clínica Odontológic