The use of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium on Farfantepenaeus paulensis with respect to salinity

AbstractThe main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in F. paulensis and to investigate its effect on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion different salinities. First, we examined the acute toxicity of Cd in F. paulensis at 24, 48, 72, and 96-h lethal concentration (LC50). Cd was significantly more toxic at 5 salinity than at 20 and 36. The oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion were estimated through experiments performed on each of the twelve possible combinations of three salinities (36, 20 and 5), at temperature 20°C. Cd showed a reduction in oxygen consumption at 5 salinity, the results show that the oxygen consumption decreases with respect to the Cd concentration. At the highest Cd concentration employed (2mgL−1), the salinity 5 and the temperature at 20°C, oxygen consumption decreases 53.7% in relation to the control. In addition, after separate exposure to Cd, elevation in ammonium excretion was obtained, wish were 72%, 65% and 95% higher than the control, respectively. The results show that Cd is more toxic to F. paulensis at lower salinities

Artisanal fisheries production in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niterói , RJ, Brazil

As pescarias artesanais na zona costeira de Itaipu-RJ desempenham um papel importante no mercado local, mas pouco se conhece sobre a produção e a produtividade da pesca. De abril-2001 a março-2003, nós monitoramos um total de 618 desembarques das pescarias de arrastos-de-praia (99), de redes de emalhe (corvineira - 331, linguadeira - 40 e rede alta - 25), de linha-e-anzol (98), de zangareio (17), e de arpão e puçá (cinco e três respectivamente). A produção monitorada total foi de 21866 kg e a captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) de 35,4 kg.viagem-1. Considerando o número de dias efetivos de pesca e a produção média diária por arte de pesca, a produção anual foi estimada em 136687 kg (0.2% da produção do estado em 2004). Os recursos predominantes foram: Micropogonias furnieri,Trichiurus lepturus, lulas (Loligo spp.), peixes clupeiformes (Sardinella brasiliensis,Cetengraulis edentulus,Pellona harrowerii e Harengula clupeola ), Eucinostomus spp., Cynoscion spp., Menticirrhus spp., Caranx crysos e Selene setapinnis. A análise combinada utilizando métodos de classificação hierárquica e não-hierárquica separou quatro grupos de artes de pesca e cinco de espécies, baseada nos seus padrões de similaridade, identificando as artes de pesca que melhor capturam os diferentes grupos de recursos pesqueiros. O arrasto-de-praia foi a arte de pesca menos seletiva e mais produtiva no verão. A corvineira foi a segunda pescaria mais produtiva com rendimentos maiores no verão e outono. As capturas com linguadeira incluíram raias e Paralychthys spp., enquanto que a rede alta capturou principalmente M. furnieri,Mugil spp. e tubarões.Artisanal fisheries in the coastal zone of Itaipu-RJ play an important role in the local market, but little is known about production and productivity of the fisheries. From April 2001 to March 2003, we monitored a total of 618 landings from the beach-seine (99), the gill nets ("corvineira" - 331, "linguadeira" - 40 and "rede alta" - 25), the hook and line (98), the squid jigging (17), and the spear fishing and trap fisheries (five and three, respectively). The total monitored production was 21866 kg and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) 35.4 kg.trip-1. Considering the number of effective fishing days and the average daily production per fishing gear, the annual production was estimated at 136687 kg (0.2% of the state's production in 2004). Predominant resources were: Micropogonias furnieri,Trichiurus lepturus, squids (Loligo spp.), clupeiform fishes (Sardinella brasiliensis, Cetengraulis edentulus, Pellona harrowerii and Harengula clupeola), Eucinostomus spp., Cynoscion spp., Menticirrhus spp., Caranx crysos and Selene setapinnis. The combined analysis using hierarchical and non-hierarchical classification methods, separated four fishing gears and five species groups, based on their similarity patterns, identifying gears that most effectively capture the different fish groups. The beach-seine was less selective and most productive fishery in the summer. The "corvineira" was the second most productive fishery with higher yields in the summer and fall. Catches of "linguadeira" included rays and Paralychthys spp., wherereas the "rede alta" caught primarily M. furnieri,Mugil spp. and sharks

Patrones oceánicos y atmosféricos durante períodos de puesta previos a capturas extremas de la sardina brasilera (Sardinella brasiliensis) en el océano Atlántico sudoeste

Relative maxima and minima of landings of Brazilian sardine captured in the Southeast Brazil Bight (SBB) were compared with oceanic and atmospheric composites relative to the spawning period in December and January, prior to these landings. Atmospheric and oceanic variables such as wind stress, Ekman transport, mixing index, sea surface temperature (SST), precipitation, outgoing long wave radiation and geopotential height were analyzed, revealing distinct climatological patterns in the SBB for these extreme catches that have not been described before. The system could be characterized by cooler SST composite anomaly (SSTA) along the SBB as a response to increased cloud cover and reduced incidence of short-wave radiation, predominating one year before the Brazilian sardine catch maxima. This system can take on a different configuration in which positive SSTA condition in the SBB is associated with a less intense South Atlantic Convergence Zone displaced southwards one year before the period of minimum catch. Our results indicate that the spatial structure of the spawning habitat is influenced by specific ocean-atmosphere interactions rather than simply resulting from the choice of a stable environment. This climatic constraint strongly affects the interannual variability of the Brazilian sardine production.Los desembarcos máximos y mínimos de capturas de la sardina brasileña en la Plataforma Sudeste Brasilera (SBB) se compararon con los patrones climáticos oceánicos y atmosféricos durante períodos de puesta, en diciembre y enero. Se analizó el comportamiento climático de variables oceanicas y atmosféricas como la influencia del viento, el transporte de Ekman, el índice de mezcla, la temperatura superficial del mar (SST), las precipitaciones, la radiación ascendente de ondas largas (OLR) y la altura geopotencial. Este análisis permitió la identificación de patrones climatológicos característicos sobre la SBB, no observados en trabajos previos. Los análisis revelaron que el sistema se caracteriza por SSTA más fríos sobre la sardina como respuesta a un incremento de la nebulosidad y la reducción de la incidencia de las radiaciones de onda corta, que predominan un año antes de las máximas capturas de sardina. Este sistema puede asumir una configuración distinta en la que SSTA positivos sobre la SBB se asocian con una SACZ desplazada hacia el sur un año antes del periodo de capturas mínimas. Nuestros resultados indican que la estructura espacial del hábitat de puesta es una consecuencia de las interacciones específicas océano-atmósfera, más que de una elección de ambiente estable y que ello influencia fuertemente la variabilidad interanual en la producción de sardina brasileña

Inspiratory fraction and exercise impairment in COPD patients GOLD stages II-III

The inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio or inspiratory fraction (inspiratory capacity (IC)/total lung capacity (TLC)) may be functionally more representative than traditional indices of resting airflow limitation and lung hyperinflation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).In the present retrospective study, a comparison was made of the individual performance of post-bronchodilator IC, IC/TLC and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in predicting a severely reduced peak oxygen uptake (V'o(2); < 60% predicted) in 44 COPD patients Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages II-III (post-bronchodilator FEV1 ranging from 31-79% pred).Patients with lower IC/TLC values (<= 0.28) showed increased lung volumes and reduced exercise capacity as compared with other subjects. Following a multiple linear regression analysis, only IC/TLC and FEV1 remained as independent predictors of V'o(2) (r(2)=0.33). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that an IC/TLC <= 0.28 had the highest specificity (89.6%), positive predictive value (80%) and overall accuracy (86.3%) in identifying patients with V'o(2)< 60% pred. in addition, the area under the ROC curve tended to be higher for IC/TLC than IC.In conclusion, post-bronchodilator total lung capacity-corrected inspiratory fraction provides useful information in addition to forced expiratory volume in one second and inspiratory capacity, to estimate the likelihood of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients to present with severely reduced maximal exercise capacity.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Paulista Sch Med, Pulm Funct & Clin Exercise Physiol Unit, Resp Div,Dept Med,EPM, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Paulista Sch Med, Pulm Funct & Clin Exercise Physiol Unit, Resp Div,Dept Med,EPM, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

ASSOCIAÇÃO FAUNÍSTICA E EFEITOS DE VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS NA DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL NA ESTRUTURA DA COMUNIDADE DA PESCA DE PEIXES DIVERSOS DA COSTA NORTE DO BRASIL

The North Coast, has high biological productivity and áreas with a muddy substrate, suitable for trawling. This modality, there is trawling for various fishes. This fishery despite the denomination, acts on a target specie. Pescada gó, but it captures various species. This study aimed to characterize the faunistic associations in the structure of the main community of this fishry, and to determine the environmental facotrs, which may be related to temporal and spatial variations of this community. The data were acquired through the monitoring of 227 trawls, in six distinct periods, between 2013 and 2014, by on board observers in a detained vessel. The species caught were identified on board. Twenty six species were captured, but for the subsequente analyzes, only eleven species were used, which represented 95% of the caught production. For the associations between species, the grouping analysis was applied, using CPUE data standardizing in ranging and the Ward algorithm to the formation of theses faunistic groups, to the grouping of trawls, gross CPUE data were used in order to group the trawls in relation to their composition and catch periods. For the factors that correlate with the community distribution, redundancy analysis was usedm using environmmental, temporal and spatial variables. Three distinct groups with faunal associations were found, in relation to the trawls, two large grupos with differentss behavior. Regarding correlation facotrs, the set of temporal variables was more influential to this community, followed by environmental varaibles and a few influence by spatial variables.Keywords: Trawling; estuary; shelf; variation; ecology.A Costa Norte, possui alta produtividade biológica e áreas com substrato lamoso, propício a pesca de arrasto. Nesta modalidade, encontra-se a pesca de arrasto para peixes diversos. Essa pescaria, apesar da denominação, atua sobre uma espécie alvo, a pescada gó, porém captura várias espécies. Esse trabalho objetivou caracterizar as associações faunísticas na estrutura da comunidade principal dessa pescaria, e determinar os fatores ambientais, que podem estar relacionados com variações temporais e espaciais desta comunidade. Os dados foram adquiridos através do acompanhamento de 227 arrastos, em seis períodos distintos, entre 2013 e 2014, por observadores de bordo em uma embarcação permissionada. As espécies capturadas foram identificadas à bordo. Foram capturadas vinte e seis espécies, porém para as análises posteriores, utilizou-se apenas onze espécies, as quais representaram 95% da produção capturada. Para as associações entre espécies, aplicou-se a análise de agrupamento, utilizando os dados de CPUE padronizados em ranging e o algorítimo de Ward para formação desses grupos faunísticos, para agrupamento dos arrastos, utilizou-se dados brutos de CPUE, no intuito de agrupar os arrastos em relação a sua composição e períodos da captura. Para os fatores que se correlacionam com a distribuição da comunidade empregou-se a análise de redundância, utilizando variáveis ambientais, temporais e espaciais. Foram encontrados três grupos distintos com associações faunísticas, em relação aos arrastos, dois grandes grupos com comportamento diferente. Em relação aos fatores de correlação, o conjunto de variáveis temporais se mostrou mais influenciador para esta comunidade, seguido pelas variáveis ambientais e pouco influenciado pelas variáveis espaciais.Palavras-chave: Arrasto, estuário, plataforma, variação, ecologia

Development of a website for dating violence prevention, abandonment of intimate abusive relationships and support to peers

Namoros violentos podem gerar transtornos de estresse pós-traumático, depressão e abuso de substâncias. Por isso, medidas preventivas e de intervenção precoce são necessárias. Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever a avaliação de necessidades e a construção de materiais para o desenvolvimento de um website para prevenção à violência no namoro entre adolescentes e jovens brasileiros. Para avaliar necessidades, estudos qualitativos foram realizados com amostras de adolescentes e jovens para identificar intenções de enfrentamento à violência no namoro, as características de namoros abusivos, as habilidades de manejo de conflitos usadas em namoros saudáveis, estratégias facilitadoras do abandono de namoros violentos e o processo de receber e dar ajuda a amigos em situação de maus-tratos no namoro. Com base nos resultados da avaliação de necessidades e no Modelo Transteórico de Mudança, construiu-se um website com cinco módulos: reconhecimento da violência no namoro, fatores de risco para a vitimização pelo parceiro íntimo, habilidades sociais para manejo de conflitos no namoro, abandono de namoros violentos e apoio aos pares. São sugeridos estudos para avaliação dos efeitos da exposição ao website sobre mudanças atitudinais e comportamentais relativas à autoproteção em namoros violentos e ao apoio aos pares.Palavras-chave: prevenção, educação em saúde, violência doméstica, saúde do adolescente.Violent dating may generate post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and substance abuse. For this reason, early intervention and preventive measures are necessary. This article aims to describe the needs assessment and the construction of materials for the development of a website for dating violence prevention among Brazilian youth. In order to perform needs assessment, qualitative studies have been conducted with samples of adolescents and youth to identify intentions of coping with dating violence, the characteristics of abusive relationships, confl ict management skills used in healthy relationships, facilitating strategies of abandonment of violent relationships and the process of receiving and giving support to friends in situations of abusive dating. Based on the results of the needs assessment and the Transtheoretical Model of Change, a website was built with fi ve modules: recognition of dating violence, risk factors for victimization by an intimate partner, social skills for confl ict management in dating, abandonment of violent relationships and support to peers. Studies to evaluate the eff ects of exposure to the website on att itudinal and behavioural changes relating to self-protection in violent relationships and support to peers are suggested.Keywords: prevention, health education, domestic violence, health adolescent

Needs assessment for cultural adaptation of Strengthening Families Program (SFP 10-14-UK) in Brazil

This study sought to evaluate the cultural adequacy of materials and procedures of the Strengthening Families Program (SFP 10-14-UK) and to identify requirements for its cultural adaptation to Brazilian families. The descriptive study had 33 informants, including external observers, managers, multipliers, facilitators, adolescents, and parents. The data were collected at a pilot application in the Federal District. Direct observation was applied to four intervention groups, with seven meetings of 150 min for families, parents/guardians and adolescents, and mixed nominal groups at the end of the interventions. The results, analyzed through content analysis and descriptive statistics, provided evidence that SFP was perceived as sufficiently appealing, culturally relevant, and partially clear. Recommendations for cultural adaptation of linguistic aspects of the materials and procedures were made, considering the cultural and educational differences of the participant families. Focus on implementation quality, including infrastructure, families’ mobilization and continuous planning, was recommended. Replication studies in other Brazilian regions and analyses of contextual and political dimensions are suggested