95 research outputs found

    Mechanisms of multicellular drug resistance and novel approaches for targeted therapy in cancer

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    Dysregulated gene expression, due to genetic and epigenetic aberrations, as well as cancer cell-stroma interactions underlie both tumorigenesis and resistance to anti-cancer therapy. Although governed by common mechanisms, these features are unique to each individual tumor and therefore a personalized treatment regimen needs to be composed for each patient. At the same time, novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment are warranted to be able to match these individual variations, along with identification of biomarkers for their effective use. STAT3 is a transcriptional regulator involved in both cancer development and therapy resistance. In this thesis we have explored the role of STAT3 as well as interferon-related gene signature in multicellular drug resistance. The second part of this thesis explores the use of novel siRNN prodrugs for silencing of Plk1, a cell cycle kinase, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patient samples. In Paper I we used multicellular spheroids (MCS) as a model to study genes associated with drug resistance. A subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), that belong the interferonrelated DNA damage resistance signature (IRDS), was enriched in MCS compared to monolayer culture. We found that a panel of IRDS genes was expressed in cell lines of different origin when grown as MCS or as confluent monolayer culture. The induction of these ISGs depended on increased expression of IRF9 and STAT2. Overexpression of IRF9 alone was sufficient to induce the ISGs and confer resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In Paper II STAT3 was found to be activated in MCS, downstream of gp130-JAK signaling. STAT3 activity was required for the induced expression of IRF9 and the panel of IRDS genes in MCS. We identified a potential STAT3 binding site in the IRF9 promoter and confirmed that STAT3 was enriched at this site in MCS compared to non-confluent monolayer culture. Together, our data suggest that STAT3 is activated in conditions of high cellular density and drives the transcription of IRF9, which in turn induces the expression of a subset of ISGs that confer resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In Paper III we attempted to identify novel STAT3-interacting proteins that affect transcription of STAT3-target genes. In order to achieve this, we combined chromatin immunoprecipitation using anti-STAT3 antibodies with biotinylation and pull down of DNA, and finally mass spectrometry to identify STAT3 interactors. Among the hits were previously described STAT3-binding proteins, as well as new potential interacting partners. In Paper IV we analyzed the effect of novel self-delivering siRNN prodrugs, targeting cell cycle kinase Plk1, in pediatric ALL. We used CD3/IL-2 to stimulate ALL patient samples in order to induce proliferation and Plk1 expression. Our data demonstrates that the siRNN prodrugs successfully enter cycling ALL cells and induce RNAi mediated knockdown of Plk1, which leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosi

    The bioavailability and airway clearance of the steroid component of budesonide/formoterol and salmeterol/fluticasone after inhaled administration in patients with COPD and healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Airway absorption and bioavailability of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) may be influenced by differences in pharmacokinetic properties such as lipophilicity and patient characteristics such as lung function. This study aimed to further investigate and clarify the distribution of budesonide and fluticasone in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by measuring the systemic availability and sputum concentration of budesonide and fluticasone, administered via combination inhalers with the respective long-acting ÎČ<sub>2</sub>-agonists, formoterol and salmeterol.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, two-way crossover, multicenter study. Following a run-in period, 28 patients with severe COPD (mean age 65 years, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV<sub>1</sub>] 37.5% predicted normal) and 27 healthy subjects (mean age 31 years, FEV<sub>1 </sub>103.3% predicted normal) received two single-dose treatments of budesonide/formoterol (400/12 ÎŒg) and salmeterol/fluticasone (50/500 ÎŒg), separated by a 4–14-day washout period. ICS concentrations were measured over 10 hours post-inhalation in plasma in all subjects, and over 6 hours in spontaneously expectorated sputum in COPD patients. The primary end point was the area under the curve (AUC) of budesonide and fluticasone plasma concentrations in COPD patients relative to healthy subjects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mean plasma AUC values were lower in COPD patients versus healthy subjects for budesonide (3.07 ÎŒM·hr versus 6.21 ÎŒM·hr) and fluticasone (0.84 ÎŒM·hr versus 1.50 ÎŒM·hr), and the dose-adjusted AUC (geometric mean) ratios in healthy subjects and patients with severe COPD for plasma budesonide and fluticasone were similar (2.02 versus 1.80; primary end point). In COPD patients, the T<sub>max </sub>and the mean residence time in the systemic circulation were shorter for budesonide versus fluticasone (15.5 min versus 50.8 min and 4.41 hrs versus 12.78 hrs, respectively) and C<sub>max </sub>was higher (1.08 ÎŒM versus 0.09 ÎŒM). The amount of expectorated fluticasone (percentage of estimated lung-deposited dose) in sputum over 6 hours was significantly higher versus budesonide (ratio 5.21; p = 0.006). Both treatments were well tolerated.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The relative systemic availabilities of budesonide and fluticasone between patients with severe COPD and healthy subjects were similar. In patients with COPD, a larger fraction of fluticasone was expectorated in the sputum as compared with budesonide.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><b>Trial registration number </b>NCT00379028</p

    Turkey's Asylum Policy in the Light of EU Accession - The Impact of its Geographical Limitation to the Geneva Convention

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    The reader of this thesis will gain an enhanced understanding of the complexity of the EU-Turkey relations on asylum. Turkey has ratified the Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees with a geographical limitation. This limits the country to only grant refugee status to European asylum seekers and non-European asylum seekers are resettled in third countries. According to the European Commission, this causes the Turkish asylum system to be ineffective and Turkey has been requested to lift the geographical limitation as part of its EU accession process. From a rational Europeanization perspective the thesis explores some of the reforms Turkey is undertaking to its asylum system. The theoretical approach argues that positive membership conditionality has a profound impact on candidate states’ willingness to adhere to EU’s requests. Drawing on the findings from five expert interviews in combination with an analysis of policy documents published by the EU and Turkey, the thesis concludes that the two actors use the geographical limitation as a bargaining chip in the membership negotiations. Whether a lifting of the geographical limitation to the Geneva Convention will be undertaken in the nearest future or not, depends on the forthcoming relationship between EU and Turkey

    SIM cards for cellular networks : An introduction to SIM card application development

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    A SIM, Subscriber Identity Module, is the removable circuit board found in a modern cellular phone. It carries the network identity information and is a type of smart card which can also be found on payment cards (EMV), ID cards and so on. A smart card is basically a small computer, providing a safe and controlled execution environment. Historically smart card software was very hardware dependent and mostly developed by the manufacturers themselves. With the introduction of the open Java Card standard created by Sun Microsystems (Oracle) this was meant to change. However, information still remains scattered and is hard to obtain. This paper is meant to serve both as an introduction to the field and also as a good foundation for future studies. It begins with a theoretical discussion about smart card hardware and software architectures, network standards in the context of SIM cards, typical applications, coming trends and technologies and ends off with an overview of the Java Card standard. The following section discusses the supplied example SIM card application coupled with an introduction how to use the Gemalto Developer Suite for application development and testing. The paper ends with an extensive appendix section going in depth about some of the more important subjects

    Statusbedömning av befintliga byggnader – Med fokus pĂ„ Energi, Extern miljöpĂ„verkan och Utemiljö

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    Currently, Sweden faces a major environmental challenge. If the status of its building stock doesn’t improve, the environmental goal “En god bebyggd miljĂ¶â€ will not be reached. Since this goal considers a wide range of aspects it’s essential that the same holistic approach is considered when implementing measures on the building stock. For this to be possible, an extensive dialogue needs to be held that considers a wide range of key elements. The change of one parameter may cause a negative impact on other parameters. This may result in sub-optimisations. This phenomenon initiated this study and the parallel study carried out by Mikaelson and Werner (2015). The studies aim to develop a holistic model for the status-assessment of buildings. There are numerous accessible checklists that assess the quality of buildings. However, these make separate evaluations on each key element, thus they do not follow a holistic approach. In the literature review that was carried out as part of this study, only one appropriate method was identified: “Miljöstatus för Byggnader” (Miljöstatus för byggnader, 2011). However, it is not a holistic method as it only covers a few of the key elements that need to be considered. Therefore, there is a demand of a standardized method with a broader focus. In this study and the corresponding study carried out by Werner and Mikaelson (2015), the following key elements were identified as essential: Energy efficiency, environmental impact, outdoor environment, indoor environment, moisture safety, installations, building components, organisation, operation and maintenance, and work environment. The purpose of these studies is to establish a method to simplify and optimize the inspection of a building and its corresponding analysis. The result of the study is shown in a model that incorporates a review of several key elements, therefore contributing to a holistic dialogue. The model should be regarded as a tool to be used when conducting a qualitative status-assessment. The results of the status-assessment will determine which elements need further assessment. In this study, boundaries have been drawn regarding moisture, installations, indoor environment, building components, organization, operation and maintenance, and work environment. These fields will be covered in the study carried out by Mikaelson and Werner (2015). None of the studies will include an analysis of status-assessments of buildings with extraordinary activities such as swimming facilities, churches or industrial facilities. No software has been developed, only a concept for the construction of the model. Specific measures will not be proposed in the model. The analysis is based on interviews, a literature review, a survey and a case study. The key elements and its corresponding checklist were identified through the interviews and the literature review. The case study was used to validate and, if necessary, revise and clarify the checklist. The questionnaire was incorporated to improve the overall structure of the model. The conducted model will, from a general checklist, build a specified inspection template adopted for the specific building. The main parts of the inspection template should be completed during the visual inspection and the remaining part will be filled out by the property manager. The inspection should be completed within one day, and it should be possible to investigate each key element separately. A concept for the analysis of the obtained result from the inspection has also been developed with the aim to optimize the process. This concept is based on a digitalization of the model. This would allow the construction of a database of the results which makes a later verification possible. With help of software, that controls the outcome of the model and errors in the results, a continuous qualitative improvement of the list of questions would also be possible. The database would also allow the construction of a reference system that makes the analyses of the result easier. It’s our belief that the suggested model will increase the horizontal dialogue on the status-assessment of buildings. For the model to reach its full potential a database should be constructed. The model will not predict future needs of specific actions but will indicate which areas should be addressed. Therefore it will function as a tool for a qualitative holistic status-assessment of buildings such as apartment buildings and offices.Om inte statusen pĂ„ Sveriges byggnadsbestĂ„nd förbĂ€ttras kommer miljömĂ„let ”God bebyggd miljĂ¶â€ inte kunna uppfyllas. DĂ„ miljömĂ„let beaktar mĂ„nga aspekter mĂ„ste ett holistiskt synsĂ€tt gĂ€lla vid genomförandet av Ă„tgĂ€rder i byggnadsbestĂ„ndet. För att kunna göra detta mĂ„ste en dialog föras kring viktiga aspekter pĂ„ byggnadens samtliga omrĂ„den mellan inblandade parter. Om en parameter Ă€ndras riskerar detta att inverka negativt pĂ„ andra parametrar. Suboptimeringar kan sĂ„ledes uppstĂ„. Detta fenomen gĂ€llande suboptimeringar Ă€r bakgrunden till denna studie samt en parallell studie genomförd av Mikealson och Werner (2015). Tillsammans syftar studierna till utveckling av en holistisk modell för statusbedömning av byggnader. Det finns ett flertal checklistor för att bedöma olika egenskaper i en byggnad. Dessa ger dock ingen helhetsbedömning, utan endast en separat bedömning av varje Ă€mnesomrĂ„de. I litteraturstudier har endast en modell med ett bredare fokus identifieras, ”Miljöstatus för byggnader” (Miljöstatus för byggnader, 2011). Denna har dock brister dĂ„ flera Ă€mnesomrĂ„den inte beaktas. DĂ€rmed finns det ett behov av en standardiserad modell med bredare fokus. I denna studie och studien genomförd av Mikaelson och Werner (2015) framstod följande Ă€mnesomrĂ„de som centrala: energi, miljöpĂ„verkan, utemiljö, fukt, installationer, innemiljö, byggnadskomponenter, organisation, drift och underhĂ„ll samt arbetsmiljö. Studiernas syfte var att ta fram ett koncept för att underlĂ€tta och effektivisera besiktningsutförandet och analysen av denna. Resultatet av studierna har gestaltats i en modell som belyser flertalet Ă€mnesomrĂ„den i ett system och dĂ€rmed skapar en horisontell koppling. Modellen skall utgöra ett verktyg för den kvalitativa bedömningen för framtagning av Ă„tgĂ€rder. AvgrĂ€nsningarna för denna studie har gjorts gĂ€llande fukt, installationer, innemiljö, byggnadskomponenter, organisation, drift och underhĂ„ll samt arbetsmiljö. Framtagning av bedömningskriterier för dessa Ă€mnesomrĂ„den Ă€r utförd av Mikaelson och Werner (2015). Studien kommer inte inkludera byggnader med extraordinĂ€r verksamhet sĂ„ som badhus, kyrkor eller industrilokaler. Ingen programvara har tagits fram för modellen utan endast ett koncept för hur en modell kan konstrueras. Konkreta Ă„tgĂ€rdsförslag föreslĂ„s inte i modellen. Framtagningen av modellen har baserats pĂ„ intervjuer, litteraturstudie, enkĂ€t-undersökning samt en fallstudie. Intervjuerna och litteraturstudien har anvĂ€nts för framtagning av Ă€mnesomrĂ„den och tillhörande frĂ„gebatteri. Fallstudien gjordes för att validera och vid behov revidera frĂ„gebatteriets utformning och tydlighet. EnkĂ€tundersökningen genomfördes för att förbĂ€ttra modellens övergripande struktur. Den framtagna modellen beskriver hur en besiktningsmall genereras utifrĂ„n ett frĂ„gebatteri, för en specifik byggnad. En större del av besiktningsmallen besvaras under en okulĂ€r besiktning och resterande del besvaras av förvaltaren. Besiktningen skall vara genomförbar pĂ„ ett fĂ„tal dagar dĂ€r respektive Ă€mnesomrĂ„de skall kunna undersökas separat. Ett koncept har Ă€ven tagit fram med syfte att effektivisera analysen av besiktningens resultat. Detta koncept bygger pĂ„ att modellen digitaliseras. Detta medger att resultat frĂ„n besiktningar kan lagras och kontrolleras i efterhand. Lagringen medger Ă€ven att ett referenssystem kan byggas för att underlĂ€tta analysen av resultatet. Kontinuerlig förbĂ€ttring av modellens frĂ„gebatteri bör ske kvalitativt med stöd av en programvara som kontrollerar modellens utfall och resultatets felkĂ€llor. Förhoppningen Ă€r att den förslagna modellen kommer öka den horisontella dialogen, mellan inblandade parter, vid statusbedömning av byggnader. För att modellen skall nĂ„ sin fulla potential bör den förverkligas i en programvara och en lagringsenhet vilket tillĂ„ter en stĂ€ndig förbĂ€ttring. Resultatet frĂ„n modellen kommer inte att prediktera behov av framtida specifika Ă„tgĂ€rder. Den kommer dĂ€remot att kunna indikera vilka Ă€mnesomrĂ„den som bör Ă„tgĂ€rdas och dĂ€rmed utgöra ett verktyg för en kvalitativ holistisk statusbedömning av byggnader som t.ex. flerbostadshus och kontorSveriges byggnadsbestĂ„nd stĂ„r inför ett omfattande renoveringsbehov. Om inte rĂ€tt Ă„tgĂ€rder sĂ€tts in inom snar framtid Ă€ventyras boendes hĂ€lsa och vĂ€lmĂ„ende. Nyckeln till en god byggnadsstatus Ă€r att kartlĂ€gga de brister byggnaden innehar ur ett heltĂ€ckande perspektiv. Bara pĂ„ detta sĂ€tt kan grunden lĂ€ggastill en hĂ„llbar fastighetsförvaltning. VĂ€lbefinnandet för de boende kommer öka samtidigt som det blir lĂ€ttare för förvaltaren att fördela och optimera resurser till eftersatta omrĂ„den. Denna populĂ€rvetenskapliga sammanfattning summerar examensarbetet ”Statusbedömning av befintliga byggnader-Med fokus pĂ„ Energi, Extern miljöpĂ„verkan och UtemiljĂ¶â€. Examensarbetet kan hĂ€mtas pĂ„ hemsidan för institutionen för Byggnadsfysik, http://www.byfy.lth.se/. PĂ„ initiativ av Bengt Dahlgren Syd AB skapades en modell för statusbedömning av byggnader. Syftet med modellen Ă€r att utifrĂ„n ett helhetsperspektiv kunna bedöma byggandens skick okulĂ€rt. Examensarbetet Ă€r ett resultat av tvĂ„ parallella studier utförda av Emil Mikaelson och Ludvig Björk Werner och David EdsbĂ€cker. Modellen verkar för att bedöma byggnadens skick utifrĂ„n följande Ă€mnesomrĂ„den: energi, miljö, utemiljö, fukt, innemiljö, installationer, arbetsmiljö, byggnadskomponenter, drift och underhĂ„ll och organisation. Tillsammans ger Ă€mnesomrĂ„dena förvaltaren en heltĂ€ckande bild över de omrĂ„den som bör studeras mer ingĂ„ende eller eventuellt behövs Ă„tgĂ€rdas direkt. Vad Ă€r motivet till skapandet av en sĂ„dan modell? Majoriteten av Sveriges byggnader Ă€r uppförda före 1975. Dessa kĂ€nnetecknas oftast av ett eftersatt underhĂ„ll dĂ€r endast de mest akuta Ă„tgĂ€rderna har prioriterats. Detta har resulterat i att 66% av Sveriges byggnader har nĂ„gon form av skada. Om inga Ă„tgĂ€rder vidtas Ă€r det mycket troligt att denna siffra kan öka ytterligare. SĂ„ledes Ă€r det av största vikt att fokus lĂ€ggs pĂ„ att renovera och bibehĂ„lla en god status pĂ„ redan befintliga byggnader. Genom att identifiera byggnadens brister i ett tidigt skede minskar risken för att allvarliga skador uppstĂ„r, och möjligheterna för en god Ă„tgĂ€rdsstrategi ökar. Det rĂ„der idag en problematik gĂ€llande tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngsĂ€ttet vid identifieringen och implementeringen av de Ă„tgĂ€rder som krĂ€vs för att förbĂ€ttra byggnadens status: Oftast lĂ€ggs fokus pĂ„ en förbĂ€ttring av ett enskilt omrĂ„de. Om ingen hĂ€nsyn tas till byggnadens hela konstruktion kan det resultera i en försĂ€mring av andra omrĂ„den. LĂ„t oss illustrera denna problematik med ett exempel: För att minska byggnadens energibehov beslutar BRF X att tĂ€ppa till fasadens luftspalter. Vid den Ă„rliga föreningsstĂ€mman konstateras det att Ă„tgĂ€rden lett till ett önskat resultat med avseende pĂ„ byggnadens energiprestanda. Snart kan man konstatera att fuktrelaterade skador uppstĂ„tt som direkt följd av renoveringen. Detta har till sin tur resulterat i en försĂ€mrad inomhusmiljö med inkommande klagomĂ„l gĂ€llande bristfĂ€llig luftkvalitĂ©. MervĂ€rdet av renoveringen har sĂ„ledes uteblivit. För att undvika att problem likt det beskrivna Ă€r det sĂ„ledes viktigt att byggnaden betraktas utifrĂ„n ett system, dĂ€r en Ă€ndring av en förutsĂ€ttning kan fĂ„ en negativ inverkan pĂ„ en annan förutsĂ€ttning. Detta synsĂ€tt skall finnas med frĂ„n den initiala bedömningen av byggnadens status. Det finns för tillfĂ€llet inget publicerat systematiskt tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngsĂ€tt som implementerar detta synsĂ€tt. I sig Ă€r detta hĂ€pnadsvĂ€ckande, dĂ„ hela 91% av studiens tillfrĂ„gade fastighetsbolag anser att det finns ett behov av en sĂ„dan modell. Förhoppningen Ă€r att denna studie skall fylla den kunskapslucka som för nĂ€rvarande rĂ„der inom detta omrĂ„de. Hur fungerar modellen? Till varje Ă€mnesomrĂ„de (energi, miljö, utemiljö, fukt, innemiljö, installationer, arbetsmiljö, byggnadskomponenter, drift och underhĂ„ll och organisation) Ă„terfinns tvĂ„ tillhörande frĂ„gelistor. Varje frĂ„ga tilldelas med 0 respektive 1 poĂ€ng. För att stĂ€rka kopplingen mellan olika Ă€mnesomrĂ„den Ă„terfinns samma frĂ„gor i ett flertal Ă€mnesomrĂ„den. FrĂ„gelistorna syftar till att ge klarhet i vilken teknisk status byggnaden innehar och vilka förutsĂ€ttningar byggnaden innehar för att bibehĂ„lla en god teknisk status. Innan besiktningsutföraren besvarar de poĂ€nggivande frĂ„gorna finns ett urval av icke poĂ€nggivande frĂ„gor. Dessa besvaras av bĂ„de förvaltaren och besiktningsutföraren. Syftet med dessa Ă€r att anpassa frĂ„gorna till den specifika fastigheten. Att denna modifikation görs kan förklaras med att sjĂ€lva besiktningsutförandet skall effektiviseras. Det finns tillexempel ingen anledning att stĂ€lla frĂ„gor gĂ€llande byggnadens balkonginfĂ€stning om byggnaden saknar balkonger. Checklistan, vilket kopplas till byggnadens tekniska status, besvaras under platsbesöket av besiktningsutföraren. FrĂ„gorna Ă€r av sĂ„dan karaktĂ€r att de okulĂ€rt gĂ„r att bedöma eller beskriver den specifika byggnaden. FrĂ„gorna kopplade till byggnadens förutsĂ€ttningar ger en inblick i vilka rutiner och arbetssĂ€tt förvaltaren anvĂ€nder för att bibehĂ„lla en god teknisk status. Efter samtliga frĂ„gelistor Ă€r besvarade ges en utförlig bild över byggnadens status. Betyget för respektive Ă€mnesomrĂ„de baseras pĂ„ antalet uppnĂ„dda poĂ€ng av antalet maximalt möjligt uppnĂ„dda poĂ€ng. Resultatet illustreras dĂ€refter i ett rosdiagram. Vad Ă€r nyttan med modellen? Förhoppningen Ă€r att den förslagna modellen Ă€r ett steg mot en förbĂ€ttrad fastighetsförvaltning. Med den förslagna modellen kommer möjligheterna till en strukturerad Ă„tgĂ€rdsstrategi att öka

    Students

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    New regulations of labour immigration from countries outside of EU and EEA have on the 15th of December 2008 been introduced into the Swedish legal system. This research examines the law changes of labour immigration from third countries to Sweden at the time of the ratification of the new law. The aim of this research has been to examine how common labour immigration directives and policies of EU are maintained and implemented in the domestic sphere of Sweden and the possible outcomes on the Swedish labour market by applying the current law implementations. The results show the complexity of combining national laws with EU policies and regulations. The main findings show a difficulty of maintaining an unharmed principle of community preference as well as to preserve Swedish employment standards in order not to risk wage dumping when implementing the new law of labour immigration

    Students

    No full text
    New regulations of labour immigration from countries outside of EU and EEA have on the 15th of December 2008 been introduced into the Swedish legal system. This research examines the law changes of labour immigration from third countries to Sweden at the time of the ratification of the new law. The aim of this research has been to examine how common labour immigration directives and policies of EU are maintained and implemented in the domestic sphere of Sweden and the possible outcomes on the Swedish labour market by applying the current law implementations. The results show the complexity of combining national laws with EU policies and regulations. The main findings show a difficulty of maintaining an unharmed principle of community preference as well as to preserve Swedish employment standards in order not to risk wage dumping when implementing the new law of labour immigration
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