Back-yard medfly is a key factor in area-wide management in Southern Europe. Data from Attiki Greece, 38

A twelve month Mediterranean fruit-fly, medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) record was kept in a small back-yard with 8 medfly host fruit trees in a neighborhood about 7 km from the center of Athens, from November 2015 till November 2016. Similar small back-yards exist in the whole area. Large commercial host tree plantations exist at about 80 km west of Athens, while backyards with fruit trees exist in villages or small towns in-between. McPhail yellow bottom traps (one per tree) with Biolure (3 separate dispensers of ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, and putrescine) and a water solution of 1.5% sodium tetraborate and a few drops of kitchen detergent were used. Traps were examined approximately every week and water solution renewed. The Biolure dispensers were renewed every 3-4 months. On the average (medflies per tree-trap per day) 1.4 flies were trapped in November, less than 1 were trapped between December and early May, except mid-April when 1.7 flies were trapped.From June till October high records were detected. In June-July records up to over 52.7 flies were observed (highest population peak in the year), while in September October records up to 34.3 flies were observed (second highest population peak in the year). The sex ratio of trapped flies was almost always in favor of females, usually between 60-100%. An increase of medfly catches was always detected following Biolure dispensers renewal. In case Area-wide SITapplications are considered, the reproductive behavior of released flies in these special environments must be well investigated

Variation in the intermittent buzzing songs of male medflies (diptera: tephritidae) associated with geography, mass-rearing, and courtship success

Varios aspectos de los patrones temporales de los sonidos del zumbido intermitente producido durante el cortejo pre-copulatório de los machos de la mosca del Mediterráneo variaron entre moscas silvestres de Costa Rica, Argentina y Hawaii, y entre moscas de sepas de cría masiva de Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico y Hawaii. No se presentaron diferencias consistentes cuando se compararon las sepas de cría masiva en Costa Rica, Argentina y Hawaii con moscas silvestres de los sitios de origen. Los sonidos producidos durante cortejos que terminaron en cópulas no difieron de los sonidos producidos durante cortejos que llevaron a montas que fracasaron en moscas de Costa Rica y Argentina. Pero en sepas de todos los sitios los zumbidos intermitentes que incluyeron pequeñas pausas tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de no terminar en un intento de monta. Los zumbidos intermitentes de las moscas de las crias masivas tuvieron una tendencia leve a interumpirse mas frecuentemente.Many aspects of the temporal pattern of sounds produced during the intermittent buzzing displays of pre-copulatory courtship by male medflies varied between wild flies from Costa Rica, Argentina, and Hawaii, and between mass-reared flies from Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, and Hawaii. There were no consistent differences when mass-reared strains were compared with the wild strains from the area where they originated in Costa Rica, Argentina and Hawaii. Buzzing sounds produced prior to successful mounting attempts did not differ consistently from those preceding unsuccessful mounts in flies from Costa Rica and Argentina. In strains from all sites, however, courtships in which buzzes were interrupted were more likely not to result in mounting of the female. There was a weak tendency for interruptions to be more common in mass-reared strains.Universidad de Costa Rica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico. USDA-ARS.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Early Geometrical Thinking in the Environment of Patterns, Mosaics and Isometries

This book discusses the learning and teaching of geometry, with a special focus on kindergarten and primary education. It examines important new trends and developments in research and practice, and emphasizes theoretical, empirical and developmental issues. Further, it discusses various topics, including curriculum studies and implementation, spatial abilities and geometric reasoning, as well as the psychological roots of geometrical thinking and teacher preparation in geometry education. It considers these issues from historical, epistemological, cognitive semiotic and educational points of view in the context of students' difficulties and the design of teaching and curricula

Functionalized Poly(3-hexylthiophene)s via Lithium–Bromine Exchange

Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one of the most extensively investigated conjugated polymers and has been employed as the active material in many devices including field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaics and sensors. As a result, methods to further tune the properties of P3HT are desirable for specific applications. Herein, we report a facile postpolymerization modification strategy to functionalize the 4-position of commercially available P3HT in two simple steps–bromination of the 4-position of P3HT (Br–P3HT) followed by lithium−bromine exchange and quenching with an electrophile. We achieved near quantitative lithium–bromine exchange with Br–P3HT, which requires over 100 thienyl lithiates to be present on a single polymer chain. The lithiated-P3HT is readily combined with functional electrophiles, resulting in P3HT derivatives with ketones, secondary alcohols, trimethylsilyl (TMS) group, fluorine, or an azide at the 4-position. We demonstrated that the azide-modified P3HT could undergo Cu-catalyzed or Cu-free click chemistry, significantly expanding the complexity of the structures that can be appended to P3HT using this method.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (ECCS-0939514