Medikamentöse Therapie der chronischen Hepatitis B

Zusammenfassung: • Ziel: Verhinderung des Voranschreitens zur Zirrhose, resp. der Entwicklung eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms. • Aktuelle medizinische Behandlung: Interferon-alfa. • Wirksamkeit: Suppression der viralen Replikation bei 40% der Patienten, die während vier Monaten behandelt wurden. • Erfolgskontrolle: Serologische Konversion (Verschwinden des HBe-Ag und Auftreten von HBe-Ak) sowie Verschwinden der viralen DNS im Blut. • Studien mit Kombinationen mehrerer antiviraler Medikamente sind zur Zeit im Gang

Traitement médicamenteux de l'hépatite B chronique

Résumé: • But: empêcher l'évolution de l'hépatite chronique vers la cirrhose et le carcinome hépatocellulaire. • Traitement médicamenteux actuel: interféron alpha. • Efficacité: suppression de la réplication virale chez 40% des sujets traités pendant 4 mois. • Contrôle de l'efficacité: conversion sérologique (disparition AgHBe et apparition anti-HBe) et négativation de l'ADN viral dans le sang. • Des protocoles de traitement associant plusieurs médicaments antiviraux sont à l'étud

Collisional and dynamic evolution of dust from the asteroid belt

The size and spatial distribution of collisional debris from main belt asteroids is modeled over a 10 million year period. The model dust and meteoroid particles spiral toward the Sun under the action of Poynting-Robertson drag and grind down as they collide with a static background of field particles

Cob: A Sustainable Building Material

Cob is a sustainable building material used in residential applications as a replacement for typical one-story timber or concrete structures. Cob heavily lacks the testing and modern research required for permissible construction under current residential building codes. Further tests involving earthquake and lateral loading are required to implement cob into the California Residential Building Code. In this report, four cob walls, each with different reinforcement mechanisms, were tested to observe their failure modes and find the maximum deflection and load of each wall. Through this testing, it was determined that steel reinforcement within cob walls can provide more ductile behavior and increase both maximum loads and displacement of the material. Analysis showed the ideal reinforced cob wall had an estimated Response Modification Factor of 2.5 which reduces design loads significantly when considering lateral seismic loading. The combination of vertical steel and lateral wire mesh reinforcement throughout a cob wall proved to be the most efficient way to reinforce the structure. The key to properly reinforce cob involves using materials that are large enough to transfer load but small enough to not create large voids within the cob matrix. There is potential for the material to be used in permitted buildings, yet much more full scale research must be done to solidify its capabilities

Local Self‐Governance and Weak Statehood : A Convincing Liaison?

This thematic issue addresses the relationship between local self-governance and the state. Self-governance is understood as the rules that emerge in the local social and spatial context. Local self-governance of individual local groups, actors, communities, and their social and institutional arrangements are considered. From this situated collective entanglement, the interactions and relations with state authorities are analysed in the various contributions embedded in local contexts of different world regions and based on empirical social science research containing mostly interdisciplinary approaches. The nine case studies of this thematic issue reflect a variety of statehoods (weak to restrained), divers “intentionalities” of local self-governance (emancipatory and democratic, socio-economically, and socio-culturally oriented, security-driven or ecological), and their state-locality entanglements range between four forms of relationships: mutually supportive, conflictual, ambivalent, and avoiding

Corrosion Fatigue Studies on a Bulk Glassy Zr-Based Alloy under Three-Point Bending

Corrosion fatigue (CF) tests were carried out on bulk glassy Zr52.5Cu17.9Al10Ni14.6Ti5 (Vitreloy 105) samples under load-controlled three-point bending conditions with a load ratio of R = 0.1 in 0.01 M Na2SO4 + 0.01 M NaCl electrolyte. During cyclic testing, the bar-shaped specimens were polarized in situ at constant potentials and the current was monitored. Three different anodic potentials within the interval between the pitting potential EP and the repassivation potential ER and three different load amplitudes were applied. In some cases, in situ microscopic observations revealed the formation of black corrosion products in the vicinity of the crack tip during anodic polarization. Fractographic analysis revealed a clear distinction between two modes of crack growth characterized by smooth dissolution induced regions on the one hand and slim fast fracture areas on the other hand. Both alternating features contributed to a broad-striated CF fracture surface. Moreover, further fatigue tests were carried out under free corrosion conditions yielding additional information on crack initiation and crack propagation period by means of the open circuit potential (OCP) changes. Thereby, a slight increase in OCP was detected after rupture of the passive layer due to bare metal exposed to the electrolyte. The electrochemical response increased continuously according to stable crack propagation until fracture occurred. Finally, the fracture surfaces of the CF samples were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray with the objective of analyzing the elemental distribution after anodic dissolution. Interestingly, anodic polarization at a near repassivation potential of −50 mV vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which commands a constant electric potential of E = 0.241 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), led to favorable effects on the fatigue lifetime. In conclusion, all results are conflated to a CF model for bulk glassy Vitreloy 105 under anodic polarization in chloride-containing electrolyte and compared to the previously proposed stress corrosion mechanisms under similar conditions. © 2017 Grell, Wilkin, Gostin, Gebert and Kerscher

Corrosion Fatigue Studies on a Bulk Glassy Zr-Based Alloy under Three-Point Bending

Corrosion fatigue (CF) tests were carried out on bulk glassy Zr52.5Cu17.9Al10Ni14.6Ti5 (Vitreloy 105) samples under load-controlled three-point bending conditions with a load ratio of R = 0.1 in 0.01 M Na2SO4 + 0.01 M NaCl electrolyte. During cyclic testing, the bar-shaped specimens were polarized in situ at constant potentials and the current was monitored. Three different anodic potentials within the interval between the pitting potential EP and the repassivation potential ER and three different load amplitudes were applied. In some cases, in situ microscopic observations revealed the formation of black corrosion products in the vicinity of the crack tip during anodic polarization. Fractographic analysis revealed a clear distinction between two modes of crack growth characterized by smooth dissolution induced regions on the one hand and slim fast fracture areas on the other hand. Both alternating features contributed to a broad-striated CF fracture surface. Moreover, further fatigue tests were carried out under free corrosion conditions yielding additional information on crack initiation and crack propagation period by means of the open circuit potential (OCP) changes. Thereby, a slight increase in OCP was detected after rupture of the passive layer due to bare metal exposed to the electrolyte. The electrochemical response increased continuously according to stable crack propagation until fracture occurred. Finally, the fracture surfaces of the CF samples were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray with the objective of analyzing the elemental distribution after anodic dissolution. Interestingly, anodic polarization at a near repassivation potential of −50 mV vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which commands a constant electric potential of E = 0.241 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), led to favorable effects on the fatigue lifetime. In conclusion, all results are conflated to a CF model for bulk glassy Vitreloy 105 under anodic polarization in chloride-containing electrolyte and compared to the previously proposed stress corrosion mechanisms under similar conditions. © 2017 Grell, Wilkin, Gostin, Gebert and Kerscher

Experimental perspectives on the matter-antimatter asymmetry puzzle: developments in electron EDM and antihydrogen experiments

In the search for clues to the matter-antimatter puzzle, experiments with atoms or molecules play a particular role. These systems allow measurements with very high precision, as demonstrated by the unprecedented limits down to $10^{-30}$ e.cm on electron EDM using molecular ions, and relative measurements at the level of $10^{-12}$ in spectroscopy of antihydrogen atoms. Building on these impressive measurements, new experimental directions offer potentials for drastic improvements. We review here some of the new perspectives in those fields and their associated prospects for new physics searches

Outcomes of retropupillary iris claw intraocular lens implantation combined with pars plana vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To report 12-month visual outcomes, incidence of intraocular pressure (IOP) changes and postoperative complications after pars plana vitrectomy with retropupillary implantation of an iris claw intraocular lens (IOL) in aphakic eyes after complicated cataract surgery and eyes with a dislocation of the IOL. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of eyes undergoing implantation of an iris claw IOL combined with pars plana vitrectomy from 1st of January 2009 until 30th of June 2018 after complicated cataract extraction with capsular loss (Group A) or dislocation of an IOL (Group B). Corrected distance visual acuity was analyzed in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units, IOP was recorded in mmHg. RESULTS: Eyes in Group A (n = 49) improved from a preoperative median visual acuity of 0.523 logMAR (Snellen 20/65) to 0.201 logMAR (Snellen 20/30), P 0.05. During 12 months in Group A, IOP >21 mmHg occurred in 9 (18.4%) eyes; no eye had an IOP 21 mmHg occurred in 15 (11.9%) eyes, IOP 21 mmHg or <6 mmHg at 12 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: The retropupillary implantation of an iris claw IOL with pars plana vitrectomy provides adequate visual rehabilitation and seems to be safe in IOP changes