Plant Secondary Metabolites of Antiviral Properties a Rich Medicinal Source for Drug Discovery: A Mini Review

Plants possess a unique defense mechanism unlike humans and animals that protects them from harmful microorganism to herbivores by secreting low molecular weight compounds called secondary metabolites. The compounds are concentrated in essential oil of the plants and its medicinal properties cure human illnesses too. Some of those plants still being used in traditional medicine by human, ever since civilized using plants as medicine. The ancient civilizations India, China and Europe only used plants as medicine. The emergence and enormous growth of allopathic medicine in the 19th century caused the downfall of the traditional medicine system. Now in the 21st century the scenario changed, the scientists trying to rediscover the ancient medicine through science to cure deadly diseases. In this review we focused on the researches that determined the antiviral properties of plant secondary metabolites for the development of drugs. Keywords: Secondary metabolites, Antiviral properties, Alkaloids, Phenols, Viral diseases, Medicinal plants&nbsp

DISTRIBUTION, ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LYTIC BACTERIOPHAGES AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT AND EXTENDED-SPECTRUM OF β-LACTAMASE PRODUCING PATHOGENS FROM HOSPITAL EFFLUENTS

Objective: To isolate. Screen and characterize an effective phage for MDR and ESBL producing pathogenic bacterial strains.Methods: Bacteriophages were isolated from hospital effluent samples by double layer agar method. Isolated phages were propagated by liquidenrichment technique and its host range was analyzed by double layer agar method. Morphology of the isolated phages was identified by TransmissionElectron Microscope (TEM). Genomic and proteomic analysis was confirmed by electrophoresis technique.Results & Discussion: 46 bacteriophages were isolated against 20 different MDR and ESBL strains of those 7 phages (Mm81, Ec84, Ps85, En833,Sal836, Ec8ATCC and Ec8PMG) were selected for further studies. According to the host range analysis result the 7 phage has been shown narrow hostrange. The phage genomic DNA and structural proteins were analyzed. In addition to based on the TEM analysis two phages viz., Mm81 and Ec84 werebelongs to Siphoviridae and Podoviridae family respectively. Present study evaluates the extensive occurrence of phages in the hospital effluent. Inaddition, this is first report of isolation and characterization of Morganella morganii lytic phage in Tamil Nadu, India.Conclusion: The study highlights the distribution of bacteriophages in the hospital effluent and it gives the therapeutic potential of isolated phagesfor the treatment of MDR and ESBL Producing Pathogens.Keywords: Phage therapy, Transmission electron microscope, Extended-spectrum of β-lactamase, Multi-drug resistant

BIOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM SEAWEED Caulerpa taxifolia AGAINST VECTOR BORNE DISEASE Culex quinquefasciatus

Globally, mosquitoes are transmitting agents for diseases like dengue, malaria, filaria and Japanese encephalitis. In this study, the larvicidal activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia extract against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus was investigated in vitro. The synthesized AgNPs was further characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, XRD, DLS and Zeta potential analysis. From the result, the LC50 value for AgNPs identified was 448.66. The synthesized silver nanoparticles have maximum absorption at 430 nm. The FTIR indicated a specific peak in 3275.11cm-1, 2921.7cm-1 and 1244.28cm-1 range. Scanning electron microscopy resulted in spherical shaped approximately ranging from 1 µm to20 µm in size. The average size distributions of Ag nanoparticles were 72.99 nm and are fairly stable with a zeta potential value of -31.1 mV. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with Caulerpa taxifolia extract provides potential source for the larvicidal activity against mosquito. The present study revealed that green synthesized silver nanoparticles can be used as an eco-friendly means for effective control of vector disease

[Christian pamphlets. Vol. 13]

1 v. ; 23 cm.Valley of vision / G. Bush -- Review of Lysander Spooner's essay on the on the unconstitutionality of slavery / by W. Phillips -- Law of human progress / by C. Sumner -- Fugitive slave law / by J.P. Thompson -- Politics and the pulpit -- Were the New Testament churches slaveholding churches? / by J. Blanchard -- Nature and importance of a natural rhetoric / by W.G.T. Shedd -- Death of Mr. Webster / T.S. King -- Speech of Wendell Phillips [on slavery] -- Oration delivered before the Union and Phoenix Societies of Hamilton College, N.Y. / C.M. Nairne -- Sermon, occasioned by the loss of the Arctic / by E. Smalley.Young men / by J.T. Tucker -- State of the country / by E.S. Gannett -- Life the test of learning / by F.D. Huntington -- Revolutions to be accomplished / by J.T. Tucker -- Two polities / by H.D. Kitchel -- Great preacher / by E.P. Marvin -- Historical discourse : delivered at the dedication of the First Trinitarian Congregational Church, St. Louis / by T.M. Post -- Discourse on the vitality of Christianity / by T.M. Post -- Organic development of Christianity in the direction of education and learning / by J.W. Wellman -- Address delivered at the consecration of the Lake Grove Cemetery, Holliston, Mass. / by J.C. Bodwell -- Old age : a discourse in commemoration of Solomon Stoddard, Esq. of Northampton, Mass. / by Z. Eddy -- Our national union / by T.M. Post -- Right of the sword / by E. Cutler -- Our nation's danger / by G.F. Walker -- Sermon delivered before the Executive and Legislative Departments of the Government of Massachusetts, at the annual election / by W.A. Stearns

[Christian pamphlets.

Young men / by J.T. Tucker -- State of the country / by E.S. Gannett -- Life the test of learning / by F.D. Huntington -- Revolutions to be accomplished / by J.T. Tucker -- Two polities / by H.D. Kitchel -- Great preacher / by E.P. Marvin -- Historical discourse : delivered at the dedication of the First Trinitarian Congregational Church, St. Louis / by T.M. Post -- Discourse on the vitality of Christianity / by T.M. Post -- Organic development of Christianity in the direction of education and learning / by J.W. Wellman -- Address delivered at the consecration of the Lake Grove Cemetery, Holliston, Mass. / by J.C. Bodwell -- Old age : a discourse in commemoration of Solomon Stoddard, Esq. of Northampton, Mass. / by Z. Eddy -- Our national union / by T.M. Post -- Right of the sword / by E. Cutler -- Our nation's danger / by G.F. Walker -- Sermon delivered before the Executive and Legislative Departments of the Government of Massachusetts, at the annual election / by W.A. Stearns.Valley of vision / G. Bush -- Review of Lysander Spooner's essay on the on the unconstitutionality of slavery / by W. Phillips -- Law of human progress / by C. Sumner -- Fugitive slave law / by J.P. Thompson -- Politics and the pulpit -- Were the New Testament churches slaveholding churches? / by J. Blanchard -- Nature and importance of a natural rhetoric / by W.G.T. Shedd -- Death of Mr. Webster / T.S. King -- Speech of Wendell Phillips [on slavery] -- Oration delivered before the Union and Phoenix Societies of Hamilton College, N.Y. / C.M. Nairne -- Sermon, occasioned by the loss of the Arctic / by E. Smalley.Mode of access: Internet

Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600 000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Background: We describe demographic features, treatments and clinical outcomes in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 cohort, one of the world's largest international, standardized data sets concerning hospitalized patients. Methods: The data set analysed includes COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and January 2022 in 52 countries. We investigated how symptoms on admission, co-morbidities, risk factors and treatments varied by age, sex and other characteristics. We used Cox regression models to investigate associations between demographics, symptoms, co-morbidities and other factors with risk of death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results: Data were available for 689 572 patients with laboratory-confirmed (91.1%) or clinically diagnosed (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infection from 52 countries. Age [adjusted hazard ratio per 10 years 1.49 (95% CI 1.48, 1.49)] and male sex [1.23 (1.21, 1.24)] were associated with a higher risk of death. Rates of admission to an ICU and use of IMV increased with age up to age 60 years then dropped. Symptoms, co-morbidities and treatments varied by age and had varied associations with clinical outcomes. The case-fatality ratio varied by country partly due to differences in the clinical characteristics of recruited patients and was on average 21.5%. Conclusions: Age was the strongest determinant of risk of death, with a ∼30-fold difference between the oldest and youngest groups; each of the co-morbidities included was associated with up to an almost 2-fold increase in risk. Smoking and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of death. The size of our international database and the standardized data collection method make this study a comprehensive international description of COVID-19 clinical features. Our findings may inform strategies that involve prioritization of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who have a higher risk of death

The value of open-source clinical science in pandemic response: lessons from ISARIC

International audienc