399 research outputs found

    RE-EXAMINING THE FINANCE-GROWTH NEXUS: STRUCTURAL BREAK, THRESHOLD COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY EVIDENCE FROM THE ECOWAS

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    The aim of this paper is to re-examine the cointegrating and causal relationship between financial development and economic growth in the ECOWAS. To this end, we use the Gregory and Hansen (1996a, 1996b) approach to cointegration with structural change and the procedure for non-causality test of Toda and Yamamoto (1995). Data are from the World Bank (2007) and cover the period 1960-2005. We show that there is a long-run relationship between financial development and economic growth in six countries, namely, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote dÂĄÂŻIvoire, Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone. In addition, we show that financial development ÂĄÂźleadsÂĄÂŻ economic growth in Ghana and Mali while growth causes finance in Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone, and a bidirectional causality in Cape Verde and Liberia. The policy implication is that Cape Verde, Ghana and Mali should give policy priority to financial reform while Burkina Faso, Cote dÂĄÂŻIvoire and Sierra Leone should promote economic growth.Threshold Cointegration, Financial Development, Granger Causality, Growth

    Lactancia materna e infecciones respiratorias

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    La dĂ©pendance dĂ©mographique est-elle un obstacle Ă  l’épargne et Ă  la croissance en CĂŽte d’Ivoire?

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    Cette Ă©tude analyse empiriquement l’influence de la dĂ©pendance dĂ©mographique sur l’épargne et la croissance en CĂŽte d’Ivoire. En utilisant des donnĂ©es de la Banque mondiale (2008) et de la Banque africaine de dĂ©veloppement (2008) sur la CĂŽte d’Ivoire entre 1960 et 2007, nous montrons Ă  partir d’une modĂ©lisation Ă  correction d’erreur que la dĂ©pendance dĂ©mographique influence nĂ©gativement le taux d’épargne et le PIB Ă  long terme. À court terme, les variations du ratio de dĂ©pendance dĂ©mographique influencent nĂ©gativement les variations du taux d’épargne et le taux de croissance du PIB rĂ©el. Cependant, les tests de causalitĂ© montrent que la dĂ©pendance dĂ©mographique ne cause ni l’épargne ni la croissance Ă©conomique de la CĂŽte d’Ivoire.This study analyses the empirical effects of age dependency on saving and economic growth of Cote d’Ivoire. Using data from the World Bank (2008) and the African Development Bank (2008) on CĂŽte d’Ivoire between 1960 and 2007, we show through an error correction model that age dependency rates negatively impacts saving rates and GDP in the long run. In the short term, changes in dependency rate negatively influence changes in saving rates and the real GDP growth rate. However, causality tests show that age dependency does not cause savings or economic growth of CĂŽte d’Ivoire

    Sally Sells Seashells

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    Illinois\u27 Changing Electorate, 1880-1972

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    DiffĂ©rences De MortalitĂ© Des Enfants De Moins De Cinq Ans En CĂŽte d’Ivoire : Une Analyse ComparĂ©e Des Ratios De 1994 À 2016

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    L’élimination de la mort prĂ©maturĂ©e est l’un des domaines qui prĂ©occupent le plus les hommes car contribuant Ă  l’allongement de la durĂ©e de vie. En CĂŽte d’Ivoire oĂč plus du quart de la population a moins de cinq ans, l’étude des inĂ©galitĂ©s face Ă  la mort permet d’orienter les politiques. Cet article, qui s’inscrit dans le champ de la dĂ©mographie, est une analyse comparĂ©e des diffĂ©rences de mortalitĂ© des moins de cinq ans en CĂŽte d’Ivoire de 1994 Ă  2016. Au plan mĂ©thodologique, Ă  partir de plusieurs enquĂȘtes nationales avec questionnaire ayant un volet sur la mortalitĂ© des enfants et ciblant les femmes en Ăąge de procrĂ©er, de 15 Ă  49 ans, nous avons analysĂ©, de maniĂšre comparative, les diffĂ©rences de mortalitĂ© des enfants dans le temps. Les facteurs dĂ©mographiques, socio-Ă©conomiques et ceux liĂ©s aux attitudes de la mĂšre identifiĂ©s dans la littĂ©rature comme explicatifs de la mortalitĂ© des enfants en Afrique ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s dans cette analyse. Toutes les Ă©tudes utilisĂ©es pour l’article ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es par l’Institut National de la Statistique avec la mĂȘme approche mĂ©thodologique, rendant ainsi les donnĂ©es comparables. Elles ont toutes Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es comme Ă©tant de bonne qualitĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats de cette analyse dĂ©mographique ont montrĂ© que les enfants des campagnes meurent plus que leurs confrĂšres de la ville et la tendance est restĂ©e la mĂȘme au fil des annĂ©es. Les enfants de sexe masculin ont une surmortalitĂ© que les filles. Ceux de mĂšres de moins de 20 ans ou 40 ans et plus meurent le plus avant le cinquiĂšme anniversaire que leurs confrĂšres de mĂšres 20-29 ans. Les enfants de rang 7 et ceux nĂ©s moins de deux ans aprĂšs la prĂ©cĂ©dente naissance ont respectivement des taux de mortalitĂ© Ă©levĂ©s que ceux de rang 2-3 ou nĂ©s aprĂšs deux ans. Les enfants de mĂšres non scolarisĂ©es ont 1,7 fois plus de risque de mourir que ceux de mĂšres de niveau secondaire ou plus. Les femmes sont encouragĂ©es Ă  espacer les naissances, rĂ©duire le nombre d’enfants, et pratiquer les consultations prĂ©natales. Il faut Ă©galement agir en faveur de la scolarisation des filles. Eliminating premature death is one of the main areas as it contributes to longer lifespan. In CĂŽte d'Ivoire, where more than a quarter of the population is under five years, studying death inequalities helps policies. This demography paper is a comparative analysis of the children under five years’ mortality differences in CĂŽte d'Ivoire from 1994 to 2016. Methodologically, based on several national surveys with questionnaires having a section on child mortality and targeting women of reproductive age within 15 to 49 years, the differences in child mortality was analyzed during this period using a comparative approach. Factors such as demographic, socio-economic, and maternal attitudes identified in the literature as explanations of child mortality in Africa were considered in this analysis. All the studies used for this paper were carried out by the National Institute of Statistics with the same methodological approach. This has made the data comparable, and they have all been assessed as being of good quality. The results of this demographic analysis showed that rural children die more than their urban counterparts and the trend has remained the same over the years. Male children have higher mortality rate than females. Children that have mothers less than 20 years or 40 years and above die before their fifth birthday than their counterparts who have mothers within the age range of 20-29 years. Children of Rank 7 and those born less than two years after the previous birth respectively have higher mortality rates than those of 2-3 rank or those born after two years. Children that have mothers who did not go to school die 1.7 times more than children whose mothers attend high school or tertiary institutions.Women are therefore encouraged to space births, reduce the number of children, and practice antenatal care. It is also necessary to act in favor of the education of the girl child

    Impact des traitements thermiques sur la structure des protéines de lentilles et leur digestibilité

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    Les lentilles produites au Canada sont peu transformĂ©es et peu valorisĂ©es, bien qu’elles constituent une importante source de protĂ©ines dont les effets santĂ© sont de plus en plus reconnus. Certains bĂ©nĂ©fices potentiels ayant Ă©tĂ© rĂ©pertoriĂ©s incluent la sĂ©questration des acides biliaires, l'inhibition de l'enzyme convertissant l'angiotensine-1, l'abaissement du cholestĂ©rol, l'Ă©quilibre de la glycĂ©mie, et des effets prĂ©ventifs contre la maladie artĂ©rielle pĂ©riphĂ©rique, le diabĂšte et le cancer. Cependant, leur faible digestibilitĂ© et biodisponibilitĂ© liĂ©es aux facteurs antinutritionnels limitent l’utilisation des lentilles. Ce projet vise Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact du traitement Ă  la chaleur sur la structure et la digestibilitĂ© des protĂ©ines de lentilles. Dans un premier temps, l’impact des traitements thermiques sur la dĂ©naturation et la gĂ©lification des protĂ©ines de lentilles a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© en faisant varier les conditions du milieu, notamment le pH et la force ionique. Le mĂ©canisme de formation des gels a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© par calorimĂ©trie DSC, FTIR et par rhĂ©ologie Ă  petites dĂ©formations Ă  diffĂ©rents pH 3, 7 et 9 en absence et en prĂ©sence de CaCl2. Les rĂ©sultats de DSC ont montrĂ© qu’aux pH 3, 7 et 9, il n’y a pas de diffĂ©rence significative (0,05) de la tempĂ©rature de dĂ©naturation (Td) enregistrĂ©e. Par contre Td augmente en prĂ©sence de CaCl2 mais reste significative (p ˂ 0,05) Ă  50 mM de CaCl2. Avec le FTIR, nos rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© une intensitĂ© plus importante des bandes d’agrĂ©gation dans les conditions en prĂ©sence de CaCl2. Cependant, la rhĂ©ologie dynamique Ă  petite dĂ©formation a montrĂ© qu’à pH 9 en prĂ©sence et en absence de CaCl2, le module d’élasticitĂ© (G’) reste plus Ă©levĂ© que les autres pH dans les mĂȘmes conditions. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, l’impact du traitement Ă  la chaleur sur la digestibilitĂ© des protĂ©ines de lentilles a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© in vitro. La sensibilitĂ© aux enzymes digestives des protĂ©ines natives et dĂ©naturĂ©es Ă  la chaleur a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e et comparĂ©e Ă  celle des protĂ©ines gĂ©lifiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats de la deuxiĂšme partie ont montrĂ© que les protĂ©ines dĂ©naturĂ©es avaient une sensibilitĂ© plus Ă©levĂ©e Ă  l’hydrolyse par les enzymes protĂ©olytiques que les protĂ©ines natives. Les protĂ©ines gĂ©lifiĂ©es Ă  pH 9 ont gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es des peptides avec un poids molĂ©culaires environ 3 kDa et moins, plus petits par rapport aux gels Ă  pH 3 et 7. De mĂȘme, la prĂ©sence de CaCl2 (50 mM) dans les diffĂ©rentes conditions de pH n’a pas ii modifiĂ© la sensibilitĂ© Ă  la dĂ©gradation des gels formĂ©s. Bien que le CaCl2 favorise l’agrĂ©gation des protĂ©ines de lentilles, la chaleur semble nĂ©cessaire Ă  l’exposition des sites d’attaques des enzymes protĂ©olytiques, comparĂ© Ă  l’hydrolyse protĂ©ique des Ă©chantillons sans traitement thermique.Most lentils produced in Canada are not processed and valorized, although they constitute an important source of proteins, the health benefits of which are now well recognized. These health benefits include the sequestration of bile acids, inhibition of angiotensin-converting-enzyme-1, lowering of cholesterol, maintaining blood sugar levels, and preventive effects against peripheral arterial disease, diabetes and cancer. However, the low digestibility and bioavailability deriving from anti-nutritional factors limit the use of lentils. This project aims to study the impact of heat treatment on the structure and digestibility of lentils’ proteins. Initially, the impact of heat treatment on the denaturation and gelation of the proteins of lentils was studied by varying environmental conditions such as the pH and ionic strength. The mechanism of formation of gels was studied by DSC, FTIR and small deformation rheology at pH 3, 7 and 9, in absence and presence of CaCl2. The results obtained from DSC indicate that at pH 3, 7 and 9, there is no significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) between the denaturation temperatures (Td). However, the Td increases in the presence of CaCl2 and is significantly higher (p ˂ 0.05) when the concentration of CaCl2 reaches 50 mM. Furthermore, FTIR results show a higher intensity of the aggregation bands in the presence of CaCl2. On the other hand, small deformation rheology indicates that at pH 9, in the presence or absence of CaCl2, the elastic modulus (G’) is the highest. The impact of heat treatment on the digestibility of lentils’ proteins was then studied in vitro. The effects of digestive enzymes on native, heat denatured and gelled proteins were evaluated. The data indicate that the denatured proteins are more sensitive to proteolytic hydrolysis than the native proteins. At pH 9, the gelled proteins generate peptides with a molecular weight around 3 kDa or less, which are much smaller compared to that obtained at pH 3 and pH 7. Similarly, the presence of CaCl2 (50 mM) in different pH conditions does not affect the degradation of the gels. Although CaCl2 promotes the aggregation of lentil proteins, heat treatment is necessary to reveal the target sites of proteolytic enzymes

    Performances of Elementary Pupils in French and Mathematics and Socio-Professional Category and the Formal Education Level of Parents in Togo

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    This study aims at verifying whether there is a relationship between the academic performance of primary school pupils and the socio-professional category of their parents on the one hand, and the formal educational level of the latter on the other hand. The method used to achieve this double objective combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thus, 561 primary elementary pupils from six schools in the Savannahs region participated in the quantitative survey by means of a questionnaire and 35 individual interviews were carried out with teachers and parents of pupils. The data collected was subjected to statistical processing using SPSS 20.0 software and content analysis. The results show that the parents' socio-professional category and school performance are related. Likewise, the best pupils’ performances, both in French and in Mathematics, are obtained by pupils whose parents have a higher level of education
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