145 research outputs found
Sida et sida : analyse anthropologique d'opinions relatives aux décÚs de sidéens dans un quartier de Bangui (juin 1994)
PrĂ©sentation et analyse anthropologique d'un corpus d'informations rassemblĂ© au cours d'une enquĂȘte ethnologique sur le sida rĂ©alisĂ©e durant le mois de juin 1994 dans le quartier Jean-XXIII de Bangui. La personnalitĂ© de l'enquĂȘteur-informateur, habitant du quartier (=Ego=le deuxiĂšme auteur) et donc sa subjectivitĂ© sont des paramĂštres volontairement pris en compte dans la prĂ©sentation et l'analyse des donnĂ©es obtenues. L'enquĂȘte a consistĂ© Ă dresser la liste et Ă recueillir les explications des dĂ©cĂšs attribuĂ©s au sida dans le quartier auprĂšs d'une population constituĂ©e par un fragment reprĂ©sentatif du "corps social" de l'enquĂȘteur : Ă savoir, sa famille nuclĂ©aire, des membres de sa famille Ă©largie, paternelle, maternelle, belle-famille, des partenaires sexuels paramatrimoniaux rĂ©guliers passĂ©s et prĂ©sents, des rĂ©seaux de voisinage anciens et actuels, des rĂ©seaux d'amis et de collĂšgues de travail. C'est-Ă -dire toute une collectivitĂ© formelle et informelle aux contours fluctuants qui joue un rĂŽle fondamental lorsque le malheur, la malchance, la maladie surviennent. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
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Investigating the burden of antibiotic resistance in ethnic minority groups in high-income countries: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is an urgent problem globally, with overuse and misuse of antibiotics being one of the main drivers of antibiotic-resistant infections. There is increasing evidence that the burden of community-acquired infections such as urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections (both susceptible and resistant) may differ by ethnicity, although the reasons behind this relationship are not well defined. It has been demonstrated that socioeconomic status and ethnicity are often highly correlated with each other; however, it is not yet known whether accounting for deprivation completely explains any discrepancy seen in infection risk. There have currently been no systematic reviews summarising the evidence for the relationship between ethnicity and antibiotic resistance or prescribing. METHODS: This protocol will outline how we will conduct this systematic literature review and meta-analysis investigating whether there is an association between patient ethnicity and (1) risk of antibiotic-resistant infections or (2) levels of antibiotic prescribing in high-income countries. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Scopus and CINAHL using MESH terms where applicable. Two reviewers will conduct title/abstract screening, data extraction and quality assessment independently. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist will be used for cohort and case-control studies, and the Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool will be used for randomised control trials, if they are included. Meta-analyses will be performed by calculating the minority ethnic group to majority ethnic group odds ratios or risk ratios for each study and presenting an overall pooled odds ratio for the two outcomes. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach will be used to assess the overall quality of the body of evidence. DISCUSSION: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we will aim to collate the available evidence of whether there is a difference in rates of AMR and/or antibiotic prescribing in minority vs. majority ethnic groups in high-income countries. Additionally, this review will highlight areas where more research needs to be conducted and may provide insight into what may cause differences in this relationship, should they be seen. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO ( CRD42016051533 )
Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii infection in Africa: a OneHealth systematic review
Background:
Q fever is a common cause of febrile illness and community-acquired pneumonia in resource-limited settings. Coxiella burnetii, the causative pathogen, is transmitted among varied host species, but the epidemiology of the organism in Africa is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of C. burnetii epidemiology in Africa from a âOne Healthâ perspective to synthesize the published data and identify knowledge gaps.<p></p>
Methods/Principal Findings:
We searched nine databases to identify articles relevant to four key aspects of C. burnetii epidemiology in human and animal populations in Africa: infection prevalence; disease incidence; transmission risk factors; and infection control efforts. We identified 929 unique articles, 100 of which remained after full-text review. Of these, 41 articles describing 51 studies qualified for data extraction. Animal seroprevalence studies revealed infection by C. burnetii (≤13%) among cattle except for studies in Western and Middle Africa (18â55%). Small ruminant seroprevalence ranged from 11â33%. Human seroprevalence was <8% with the exception of studies among children and in Egypt (10â32%). Close contact with camels and rural residence were associated with increased seropositivity among humans. C. burnetii infection has been associated with livestock abortion. In human cohort studies, Q fever accounted for 2â9% of febrile illness hospitalizations and 1â3% of infective endocarditis cases. We found no studies of disease incidence estimates or disease control efforts.<p></p>
Conclusions/Significance:
C. burnetii infection is detected in humans and in a wide range of animal species across Africa, but seroprevalence varies widely by species and location. Risk factors underlying this variability are poorly understood as is the role of C. burnetii in livestock abortion. Q fever consistently accounts for a notable proportion of undifferentiated human febrile illness and infective endocarditis in cohort studies, but incidence estimates are lacking. C. burnetii presents a real yet underappreciated threat to human and animal health throughout Africa.<p></p>
Acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) carriage after exposure to systemic antimicrobials during travel: systematic review and meta-analysis
BACKGROUND: International travel is an important risk factor for colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE). Antimicrobial use during travel likely amplifies this risk, yet to what extent, and whether it varies by antimicrobial class, has not been established. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review that included prospective cohorts reporting both receipt of systemic antimicrobials and acquired ESBL-PE isolated from stool or rectum during international travel. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to estimate odds of acquiring ESBL-PE due to antimicrobials during travel, overall and by antimicrobial class. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included. The study population was mainly female travellers from high income countries recruited primarily from travel clinics. Participants travelled most frequently to Asia and Africa with 10% reporting antimicrobial use during travel. The combined odds ratio (OR) for ESBL-PE acquisition during travel was 2.37 for antimicrobial use overall (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69 to 3.33), but there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. Fluoroquinolones were the antibiotic class associated with the highest combined OR of ESBL-PE acquisition, compared to no antimicrobial use (OR 4.68, 95% CI, 2.34 to 9.37). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of ESBL-PE colonization during travel is increased substantially with exposure to antimicrobials, especially fluoroquinolones. While a small proportion of colonized individuals will develop a resistant infection, there remains the potential for onward spread among returning travellers. Public health efforts to decrease inappropriate antimicrobial usage during travel are warranted
Acute Muscular Sarcocystosis: An International Investigation Among Ill Travelers Returning From Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011-2012
A large outbreak of acute muscular sarcocystosis (AMS) among international tourists who visited Tioman Island, Malaysia, is described. Clinicians evaluating travelers returning ill from Malaysia with myalgia, with or without fever, should consider AMS in their differential diagnosi
Laboratory-acquired dengue virus infection by needlestick injury: a case report, South Korea, 2014
Sub-Saharan red cell antigen phenotypes and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency variants in French Guiana
FrĂ©quence Ă©levĂ©e de la prescription dâamoxicilline/acide clavulanique chez les personnes ĂągĂ©es de plus de 75 ans par rapport Ă une population jeune au service dâaccueil des urgences : une Ă©tude cas-tĂ©moin
International audienc
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