37 research outputs found

    Uitwisselingen, aanpassingen en ontleningen

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    Since it became the subject of scholarly reflection and theoretical debate, housing in France has been the subject of my research and my position consists of confronting spatial arrangements with the evolution of customs and life styles. The relations between architecture, culture and living practices are explored, combining the examination of architectural doctrines and the analysis of changes occurring at the same time in French society. These investigations, which are considered on the one hand as part of social history and of a reflection on architectural conception, for example in the two volumes of Architecture de la vie privĂ©e,1 also concentrate on an ethnological examination aimed at understanding new ways of life and the modes of evolution of contemporary buildings, as in UrbanitĂ©, sociabilitĂ©, intimitĂ©. The period between the two World Wars is a particularly rich source for this discussion because it marked the rise of a reflection on minimum social housing and because the fact that one of the rare revolutions in domestic architecture implies the inversion of a trend. In fact, for the first time in France, facilities developed for the working class such as the fully equipped kitchen (1905, Groupe des Maisons OuvriĂšres – Philanthropic Housing Group) were adopted in luxury housing. Furthermore, a spirit of invention among architects led to iconic buildings that were frequently imitated outside France. However, the official historiography of the Mouvement Moderne has lead us to only consider as modern those architects who rallied to utopian discourses, the rhetoric of rupture and the tabula rasa, and as a consequence, it became unpopular to acknowledge the qualities of the bourgeois house. My intention here is to draft a concise genealogy of bourgeois housing in Paris during the interbellum by describing the evolution of and trends in housing types, but also the exchanges, adaptations and borrowings that took place between the two main categories.Zolang de huisvesting in Frankrijk onderwerp is van wetenschappelijke reflectie en theoretisch debat doe ik er onderzoek naar: ik zet ruimtelijke indelingen tegenover de ontwikkeling van gewoonten en levensstijlen. Ik verken de relaties tussen architectuur, cultuur en woonpraktijken, en combineer de bestudering van architectonische doctrines met een analyse van gelijktijdig optredende veranderingen in de Franse samenleving. Deze verkenningen zijn enerzijds te beschouwen als onderdeel van de sociale geschiedenis en een reflectie op het ontstaan van architectuur, bijvoorbeeld in de twee delen van Architecture de la vie privĂ©e,1; anderzijds zijn ze bedoeld als een etnologische studie om meer inzicht te krijgen in nieuwe leefstijlen en de manieren waarop hedendaagse gebouwen zich ontwikkelen, zoals in UrbanitĂ©, sociabilitĂ©, intimitĂ©. De periode tussen de twee wereldoorlogen is een bij uitstek rijke bron voor deze bespreking, omdat in die tijd voor het eerst werd nagedacht over minimumnormen voor sociale woningbouw en door het feit dat een van de zeldzame revoluties in de woningarchitectuur de omkering van een trend inluidde. Voor het eerst werden voor de arbeidersklasse ontwikkelde voorzieningen als de compleet uitgeruste keuken (1905, Groupe des Maisons OuvriĂšres – GMO – een filantropische woningbouwvereniging) toegepast in de luxe woningbouw. Bovendien leidde de vernieuwende geest onder de architecten van de bourgeoisie tot iconische gebouwen die buiten Frankrijk veelvuldig werden geĂŻmiteerd. De officiĂ«le geschiedschrijving van de moderne beweging getrouw, zijn we echter alleen die architecten als modern gaan beschouwen, die zich aansloten bij utopische vertogen, de retoriek van de breuk met het verleden en de tabula rasa, waardoor het impopulair is geworden om de kwaliteiten van het bourgeoishuis te erkennen. Mijn doel met dit essay is een beknopte genealogie op te stellen van de woningbouw voor de bourgeoisie in Parijs tijdens het interbellum, via een beschrijving van de trends in woningtypes, maar ook van de uitwisselingen, aanpassingen en ontleningen die tussen de twee hoofdcategorieĂ«n plaatsvonden

    Retour sur « La Mise au propre en architecture »

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    Equipement de salle de bains Ă  l’intĂ©rieur d’une cabine - Carnival Valor (navire 2004), clichĂ© C. Kramer 2008 Nous avons Ă©chappĂ©, au cours du xxe siĂšcle, Ă  bien des solutions qui nous appa­raissent aujourd’hui Ă©tonnantes comme le bloc-eau des annĂ©es cinquante installĂ© dans le logement populaire, qui servait Ă  la fois de lavoir et de douche et dans lequel il fallait se hisser en grimpant sur un tabouret, ou comme le poliban, objet du mĂȘme ordre dans lequel on s’asseyait et qui faisait fonctio..

    The housing of today and tomorrow: flexible, adaptable, reversible?

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    Les temps du quotidien ont changĂ© et c’est chez soi que se font souvent, aujourd’hui, les loisirs et parfois le travail. On parle alors « d’internalisation », notamment des loisirs (multiplication des Ă©crans par exemple). Il n’est plus possible aujourd’hui de se contenter de produire un logement stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ© en pensant que tous n’auront qu’à s’y adapter, car les familles se recomposent, certains vivent en cohabitation, etc. Donc l’usage de la maison, les modalitĂ©s de vie chez soi se sont transformĂ©es et l’espace banalement proposĂ© n’est pas organisĂ© pour cela. OĂč en sommes-nous avec l’aspect social du dĂ©veloppement durable ? La succession des passages de la vie nous conduit Ă  rĂȘver que l’habitat suive, s’adapte, que sa surface augmente ou se rĂ©duise selon les moments. Comment les architectes ont-ils pris en compte ces nouvelles donnĂ©es ? Les notions d’adaptabilitĂ©, de flexibilitĂ© et de rĂ©versibilitĂ© nous permettent d’y rĂ©flĂ©chir et d’évoquer des expĂ©riences Ă©mergentes ou dĂ©jĂ  bien Ă©tablies.The daily routine has changed and today it is at home where often recreation and sometimes work take place. This is referred to as “internalization”, in particular of leisure (for example proliferation of screens). Today, it has become impossible to simply produce stereotyped housing, thinking that all will have to adapt to it, because families are recomposed, some live in cohabitation, etc. The use of the house and the living conditions at home have changed but the routinely proposed space is not organized for that. Where do we stand with the social aspect of sustainable development? The succession of passages of life leads us to dream that the habitat follows, adapts, that its surface increases or decreases according to the moments. How the architects have taken this new data into account? The notions of adaptability, flexibility and reversibility allow us to start reflecting on emerging or already well established experiences

    La mise au propre en architecture

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    À la fin du XIXe siĂšcle, dans une partie de la bourgeoisie, la relation Ă  la propretĂ© reste entachĂ©e de l’idĂ©e de pĂ©chĂ©. Si le cabinet de toilette est tant ornĂ©, c’est pour mieux nier la cuvette et le bidet dont la vue offense ses utilisatrices. Comment est-on passĂ© en quelques dĂ©cennies Ă  d’autres usages ? Comment et pourquoi les rapports Ă  son propre corps se sont-ils transformĂ©s ainsi que les lieux qui abritent ce rapport ? Cet article s’est voulu attentif Ă  l’évolution de la pratique architecturale en mĂȘme temps qu’à celle des mƓurs et des mentalitĂ©s. Pendant les deux derniĂšres dĂ©cennies du siĂšcle, les recueils de plans d’habitations prĂ©sentent des appartements Ă©quipĂ©s selon un habitus qui dissocie coquetterie et beautĂ© de propretĂ© et hygiĂšne. À la premiĂšre exigence correspond le cabinet de toilette, Ă  la seconde, la salle de bains. Si Ă  la fin de la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e les pratiques et les lieux se sont transformĂ©s, cette Ă©volution ne touche pas de la mĂȘme façon tous les groupes sociaux. La France rurale continue de faire sa toilette le dimanche, dans une cuvette et avec trĂšs peu de cette eau qui nĂ©cessite de grands efforts pour ĂȘtre tirĂ©e du puits. Les ouvriers sont sommĂ©s d’utiliser les douches qu’on leur destine mais vont lentement dissocier cette injonction et le plaisir de l’eau. La France urbaine et bourgeoise est prĂȘte Ă  accepter la propretĂ© blanche et brillante des salles de bains-laboratoires qu’elle avait refusĂ©es Ă  l’Exposition universelle de 1900.At the end of the 19th century, for a part of the bourgeois class, the relation to cleanliness was tainted by the idea of sin. If the bathroom was so highly decorated, it was better to hide from the view of female users the offensive sight of the toilet bowl and the bidet. How did one pass in a few decades to other habits? How and why was the relation to one’s own body transformed as well as that to the room where this relation was carried out? This article examines the evolution of architectural practices as well as that of customs and mentalities. House plans during the last two decades of the 19th century reveal apartments furnished according to a habitus dissociating attractiveness and beauty from cleanliness and hygiene. Satisfaying the first two criteria gives a dressing room, the second two a bathroom. If at the end of the period under consideration practices and premises have changed, this evolution did not concern all social groups to the same extent. Rural France continued to clean up on Sunday, in a basin and with very little of the water that had to be drawn with great effort from a well. Workers are ordered to use the showers set up for them, but will be slow to dissociate this command and the pleasure of water. Urban and bourgeois France is ready to accept the white, gleaming cleanliness of the laboratory-bathrooms that she refused at the 1900 Universal Exposition

    De habitación de servicio a rival de la sala de estar. Una pequeña historia de la cocina en Francia, del siglo XX al XXI.

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    The kitchen is the domestic dependency that has most evolved throughout the 20th century. It has ceased to be a dirty space-therefore relegated within the house planning-and turned into a competitor to the living room as an area of farnily sociability, thus conditioning the household structure. Since the end of the 19th century, the kitchen has been tumed into a privileged room for hygiene in which the housewife has "reigned". She has transformed it into a prominent dependency, once the domestic service has gradually disappeared. Consequently, it has been moved to a front position, close to the dining room. In addition to this shift, a radical change has operated in the furnishing of this space, which has been endowed with specialised furniture and equipment and, in turn, models have emerged which have perpetuated its relevance until today. The kitchen has also become an area in which the status of the farnily can be shown and it has ceased to be a room that should be hidden to become a part of the house that must be exhibited.; La cocina es la estancia doméstica que mås ha evolucionado a lo largo del siglo XX, pasando de espacio sucio -y por lo tanto relegado en el plano de la casa- a rival de la sala de estar como territorio de la sociabilidad familiar, y condicionando la composición de la vivienda. Se convierte desde finales del siglo XIX en un lugar privilegiado para la higiene en el que reina, una ama de casa que, una vez va desapareciendo el servicio doméstico, la transforma en una estancia principal; trasladåndose en consecuencia a la fachada y cercana al comedor. A esta migración se sumaría un cambio radical en el acondicionamiento de la pieza, que pasarå a contar con mobiliario y equipamiento especializado, surgiendo entonces modelos que perpetuarån su vigencia hasta la actualidad. Pasarå también a ser un escenario en el que exhibir el estatus de la familia, pasando de ser algo que esconder a una posesión que mostrar

    Arte Nova e Eclectismo no palacete projectado por Ernesto Korrodi para a famĂ­lia Bouhon

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    In the early twentieth century, Interior Design resulted from the work of architects, decorators, painters and carvers. Although then integrated into the world of decorative arts, we believe that already existed as a profession regulated by a coherent network design principles and the understanding of interior space as global web of relationships established between plans, ornament, lighting and furniture solutions. At the end of the previous century, before the need for a reform of industrial training, the Portuguese Government opened a tender for hiring of foreign teachers. We emphasize the role of Ernesto Korrodi (1870-1944). His works arise from an attitude paradoxically modern and eclectic, leaning one hand on a reinterpretation of solutions referenced in the medieval period or the Renaissance, on the other, based on formulas from Arts and Crafts movement, Art Nouveau or Secession. In his projects certain rooms and hierarchies remain, but these are intersect with the needs aroused by technical innovations, which causes an attempt to answer to the emergence of new functions and features in the house, along with the hygienists demands of the moment. This article consists in the analysis of Bouhon home, located in the city of CovilhĂŁ, Portugal. If Art Nouveau is visible in the elevations, inside we find a cleaner space, marked by decorative notes which we can find in tiles and embedded in the stucco or coffered ceilings. The ornament thus contributes to the dignity of the walls, wainscots and ceiling plans, assuming a key role in the spatial composition.No inĂ­cio do sĂ©culo XX, o design de interiores resultava do trabalho desenvolvido por arquitectos, decoradores, pintores ou entalhadores. Embora entĂŁo integrado no universo das artes decorativas, acreditamos que jĂĄ existia como prĂĄtica profissional regulada por uma rede coerente de princĂ­pios de concepção e pelo entendimento do espaço interior como teia global de relaçÔes que se estabelece entre planos, ornamento, iluminação e mobiliĂĄrio. No final do sĂ©culo anterior, perante a necessidade de proceder a uma reforma do ensino industrial, o governo portuguĂȘs abrira um concurso para contratação de professores estrangeiros. Evidenciamos o papel de Ernesto Korrodi (1870-1944). As suas obras decorrem de uma atitude paradoxalmente eclĂ©ctica e moderna, apoiando-se por um lado, numa reinterpretação de soluçÔes referenciadas no perĂ­odo medieval ou na Renascença; por outro, em fĂłrmulas sediadas nos movimentos Arts and Crafts, Arte Nova (Art Nouveau) ou SecessĂŁo. Nos seus projectos persistem determinadas dependĂȘncias e hierarquias, mas estas se cruzam com as necessidades despertadas pelas inovaçÔes tĂ©cnicas, o que faz com que se preocupe tambĂ©m com a resposta Ă  eclosĂŁo de novas funçÔes e mobiliĂĄrio na casa, a par das exigĂȘncias higienistas do momento. O presente artigo consiste na anĂĄlise da casa da famĂ­lia Bouhon, localizada na cidade da CovilhĂŁ, Portugal. Se a Arte Nova marca as suas fachadas, no interior deparamo-nos com espaços mais depurados, marcados por apontamentos decorativos, incorporados na azulejaria e nos tectos estucados ou em caixotĂ”es. O ornamento contribui, deste modo, para a dignificação dos planos das paredes, lambris e tectos, assumindo um papel fundamental na composição espacial

    La frontiÚre mouvante entre vie privée et vie publique dans la maison

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    Les notions d’« intime », de « privé », de « public » ont une histoire.. La pudeur, le dĂ©sir d’ĂȘtre seul, le plaisir de la retraite et celui de maĂźtriser chez soi les degrĂ©s de sociabilitĂ© que l’on entretient avec les autres, toutes ces notions, qui cadrent le rapport Ă  soi-mĂȘme et aux autres, ont Ă©tĂ© des idĂ©es neuves et ont variĂ© au cours de l’histoire de l’humanitĂ©. Le mot intime, superlatif du mot intĂ©rieur, apparaĂźt en France en 1390 tandis qu’intimitĂ© n’est notĂ© qu’en 1684.. Ce terme d’i..

    L'HABITAT D’AUJOURD’HUI ET DE DEMAIN: FLEXIBLE, ADAPTABLE, REVERSIBLE? / THE HOUSING OF TODAY AND TOMORROW: FLEXIBLE, ADAPTABLE, REVERSIBLE?

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    RESUMEN Les temps du quotidien ont changĂ© et c’est chez soi que se font souvent, aujourd’hui, les loisirs et parfois le travail. On parle alors « d’internalisation », notamment des loisirs (multiplication des Ă©crans par exemple). Il n’est plus possible aujourd’hui de se contenter de produire un logement stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ© en pensant que tous n’auront qu’à s’y adapter, car les familles se recomposent, certains vivent en cohabitation, etc. Donc l’usage de la maison, les modalitĂ©s de vie chez soi se sont transformĂ©es et l’espace banalement proposĂ© n’est pas organisĂ© pour cela. OĂč en sommes-nous avec l’aspect social du dĂ©veloppement durable ? La succession des passages de la vie nous conduit Ă  rĂȘver que l’habitat suive, s’adapte, que sa surface augmente ou se rĂ©duise selon les moments. Comment les architectes ont-ils pris en compte ces nouvelles donnĂ©es ? Les notions d’adaptabilitĂ©, de flexibilitĂ© et de rĂ©versibilitĂ© nous permettent d’y rĂ©flĂ©chir et d’évoquer des expĂ©riences Ă©mergentes ou dĂ©jĂ  bien Ă©tablies. SUMMARY The daily routine has changed and today it is at home where often recreation and sometimes work take place. This is referred to as “internalization”, in particular of leisure (for example proliferation of screens). Today, it has become impossible to simply produce stereotyped housing, thinking that all will have to adapt to it, because families are recomposed, some live in cohabitation, etc. The use of the house and the living conditions at home have changed but the routinely proposed space is not organized for that. Where do we stand with the social aspect of sustainable development? The succession of passages of life leads us to dream that the habitat follows, adapts, that its surface increases or decreases according to the moments. How the architects have taken this new data into account? The notions of adaptability, flexibility and reversibility allow us to start reflecting on emerging or already well established experience

    Représentations collectives et intériorisation dans la scÚne quotidienne

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    Eleb-Vidal Monique. Représentations collectives et intériorisation dans la scÚne quotidienne. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 36 n°360, 1983. Psychologie clinique VI. pp. 521-523
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