225 research outputs found

    Stratigraphie des dépÎts tertiaires et quaternaires de la dépression interandine d'Equateur (entre 0° et 2°15'S)

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    Des corrélations sédimentologiques et stratigraphiques effectuées dans trois zones de la Dépression Interandine d'Equateur et de récentes datations radiométriques permettent de compléter les connaissances stratigraphiques du Tertiaire et du Quaternaire de cette partie des Andes. La dynamique sédimentaire, identique dans ces trois zones de la Dépression Interandine, est caractéristique d'un bassin sédimentaire intra-arc depuis le Tertiaire supérieur. (Résumé d'auteur

    L’édification des chaĂźnes pĂ©ricratoniques, contraintes structurales et cinĂ©matiques appliquĂ©es aux reconstructions de l'Asie du SE sur SIG

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    Le SE asiatique est un chantier qui permet d’étudier la formation des chaĂźnes de montagnes situĂ©es au dessus des zones de subduction Ă  diffĂ©rents stades de leur Ă©volution. Dans ces rĂ©gions, la cinĂ©matique des plaques est extrĂȘmement rapide, souvent de l’ordre de 10 cm/an, et la convergence engendre l’ouverture, elle aussi rapide, de bassins marginaux qui fragmentent sous forme de laniĂšres les masses continentales. Les fragments ainsi sĂ©parĂ©s comportent donc un substratum gĂ©nĂ©ralement constituĂ© de matĂ©riel correspondant Ă  des ophiolites de supra subduction (arc, avant-arc, arriĂšre- arc) ainsi que des reliques de croĂ»te continentale. Ce type de mĂ©canisme aboutit Ă  la formation de plaques Ă©tirĂ©es qui peuvent ĂȘtre soit de nature ocĂ©anique comme pour la plaque Philippine [Karig, 1975] formĂ©e de bassins arriĂšre-arcs ouverts Ă  l’EocĂšne (Bassin ouest-philippin), puis Ă  l’Oligo-MiocĂšne (bassin de Parece Vela/Shikoku), et au PliocĂšne (bassin des Mariannes) [Le Pichon et al., 1975] ; bassin de Damar [Hinschberger, 2001]), soit de nature continentale comme dans le cas des marges Australienne et Eurasiatique [Rangin et Pubellier, 1990 ; Rangin et al., 1990] (fig. 1). Dans ce dernier cas, la configuration rĂ©sultante est celle d’une marge Ă©tirĂ©e Ă  la façon d’un Ă©ventail depuis le PalĂ©ocĂšne jusqu’au MiocĂšne moyen. Ce mĂ©canisme gĂ©nĂšre des bassins diachrones ouverts vers l’est, avec un propagateur vers le sud-ouest comme cela est visible dans l’ouest de la mer de Chine [Huchon et al., 1998], et est dĂ©duit pour la mer des CĂ©lĂšbes et son prolongement dans le dĂ©troit de Makassar [Moss and Chambers, 1999]. Cet Ă©tirement prenait lui-mĂȘme la suite de l’écroulement gravitaire de la chaĂźne Yenshanienne depuis le CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur, qui marquait la fin d’un processus similaire d’accrĂ©tion de blocs gondwaniens au cours du MĂ©sozoĂŻque [Metcalfe, 1996 ; Sewell et al., 2000]. L’ensemble du bloc de la Sonde, avec ses bassins marginaux est soumis Ă  un raccourcissement depuis le dĂ©but du MiocĂšne [Rangin et al., 1990], les bassins marginaux rentrant en subduction, et certains blocs basculĂ©s de la marge passive Ă©tant en cours d’accostage contre la marge continentale. De mĂȘme que l’ouverture des bassins s’était effectuĂ©e de maniĂšre diachrone, le serrage des bassins s’effectue lui aussi de façon diachrone. Les mĂ©canismes actifs de convergence par subduction et les blocages sont maintenant bien connus, la prĂ©cision des rĂ©cepteurs GPS, et surtout la rĂ©pĂ©tition des mesures depuis prĂšs de dix ans permettant de bien contraindre les dĂ©placements instantanĂ©s. Nous avons utilisĂ© principalement les vecteurs GPS du programme GEODYSSEA [Michel et al., 2001]. ParallĂšlement, les Ă©tudes de tomographie sismique imagent des anomalies positives de vitesse dans le manteau pouvant indiquer des lithosphĂšres subductĂ©es. C’est le cas de la proto mer de Chine Sud, parallĂšle Ă  l’actuelle mer de Chine du Sud et probablement de gĂ©omĂ©trie similaire, maintenant disparue par subduction [Rangin et al., 1999b ; Prouteau et al., 2001]. Dans cet article, les mouvements dĂ©duits du GPS ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s comme base cinĂ©matique jusqu’à l’ñge de la derniĂšre dĂ©formation marquante, pour chaque bloc des ceintures dĂ©formĂ©es. L’évolution des marges a Ă©tĂ© revue de maniĂšre globale sur l’ensemble de l’Asie du SE, de façon Ă  prĂ©senter des coupes structurales synthĂ©tiques,avant et aprĂšs raccourcissement (fig. 3 Ă  10). Ces coupes montrent que l’arrivĂ©e des blocs continentaux dans les zones de subduction entraĂźne un blocage, puis le plus souvent un saut de subduction qui intĂšgre le bloc Ă  la marge en crĂ©ant une dĂ©formation de la plaque supĂ©rieure [Dominguez et al., 1998 ; Pubellier et al., 1999 ; Von Huene et al., 1995 ; Ranero et al., 2000]. Une base de donnĂ©es sur l’Asie du Sud-est est utilisĂ©e dans les reconstructions, mais seulement une partie est reprĂ©sentĂ©e sur les planches 1 Ă  6 (topographie-bathymĂ©trie, principales failles). La base complĂšte comprend aussi bien les failles actives et anciennes, que la topographie des chaĂźnes de montagnes, la morphologie des fonds sous-marins, la gravimĂ©trie Ă  l’air libre, les vecteurs de dĂ©placement GPS en diffĂ©rents points Ă  partir du calcul du meilleur pĂŽle eulerien correspondant au mouvement de chaque bloc, les Ă©paisseurs des sĂ©diments dans les bassins, ou encore la localisation des profils sismiques utilisĂ©s. L’utilisation d’un systĂšme d’information gĂ©ographique permet de restituer les dĂ©placements des plaques ou des micro-blocs crustaux, soit Ă  l’aide des vitesses angulaires, soit de façon interactive. Cette dĂ©marche permet de choisir entre plusieurs hypothĂšses gĂ©ologiques en gardant une cohĂ©rence d’ensemble. Les palĂ©o- distances gĂ©odĂ©siques entre les blocs peuvent ĂȘtre mesurĂ©es, et les chaĂźnes de montagnes comme TaĂŻwan ou la ChaĂźne centrale de Nouvelle GuinĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tirĂ©es pour retrouver l’espace qu’elles occupaient vraisemblablement avant leur formation. Dans les reconstructions, la profondeur des bassins correspond aux valeurs actuelles, et n’a pas Ă©tĂ© restaurĂ©e en fonction du temps. Enfin, nous n’avons pas Ă©tendu les reconstructions Ă  l’Himalaya et au Tibet, les mouvements verticaux Ă©tant trop importants. Les reconstructions effectuĂ©es Ă  2, 4, 6, 10, 15 et 20 Ma (planches 1 Ă  6) montrent que les parties continentales des plaques Sunda et Australie ; (SU/AU) s’éloignent l’une de l’autre, alors que la plaque philippine continue de “brosser” la plaque de la Sonde [Rangin et al., 1990], en transportant vers l’ouest des fragments formĂ©s au nord de la plaque australienne. Il s’agit donc d’un article qui prĂ©sente une gĂ©nĂ©ralisation de processus gĂ©odynamiques de fonctionnement des marges actives, et dont le but est de donner une image cohĂ©rente de l’accrĂ©tion de blocs aux bordures des continents, et qui a nĂ©cessitĂ© des choix dans les options souvent dĂ©battues de l’évolution au deuxiĂšme ordre de secteurs d’importance locale

    Adding marrow adiposity and cortical porosity to femoral neck areal bone mineral density improves the discrimination of women with nonvertebral fractures from controls

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    Advancing age is accompanied by a reduction in bone formation and remodeling imbalance, which produces microstructural deterioration. This may be partly caused by a diversion of mesenchymal cells towards adipocytes rather than osteoblast lineage cells. We hypothesized that microstructural deterioration would be associated with an increased marrow adiposity, and each of these traits would be independently associated with nonvertebral fractures and improve discrimination of women with fractures from controls over that achieved by femoral neck (FN) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) alone. The marrow adiposity and bone microstructure were quantified from HR‐pQCT images of the distal tibia and distal radius in 77 women aged 40 to 70 years with a recent nonvertebral fracture and 226 controls in Melbourne, Australia. Marrow fat measurement from HR‐pQCT images was validated using direct histologic measurement as the gold standard, at the distal radius of 15 sheep, with an agreement (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.0001). Each SD higher distal tibia marrow adiposity was associated with 0.33 SD higher cortical porosity, and 0.60 SD fewer, 0.24 SD thinner, and 0.72 SD more‐separated trabeculae (all p < 0.05). Adjusted for age and FN aBMD, odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) for fracture per SD higher marrow adiposity and cortical porosity were OR, 3.39 (95% CI, 2.14 to 5.38) and OR, 1.79 (95% CI, 1.14 to 2.80), respectively. Discrimination of women with fracture from controls improved when cortical porosity was added to FN aBMD and age (area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.778 versus 0.751, p = 0.006) or marrow adiposity was added to FN aBMD and age (AUC 0.825 versus 0.751, p = 0.002). The model including FN aBMD, age, cortical porosity, trabecular thickness, and marrow adiposity had an AUC = 0.888. Results were similar for the distal radius. Whether marrow adiposity and cortical porosity indices improve the identification of women at risk for fractures requires validation in prospective studies. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

    Exciton bimolecular annihilation dynamics in supramolecular nanostructures of conjugated oligomers

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    We present femtosecond transient absorption measurements on π\pi-conjugated supramolecular assemblies in a high pump fluence regime. Oligo(\emph{p}-phenylenevinylene) monofunctionalized with ureido-\emph{s}-triazine (MOPV) self-assembles into chiral stacks in dodecane solution below 75∘^{\circ}C at a concentration of 4×10−44\times 10^{-4} M. We observe exciton bimolecular annihilation in MOPV stacks at high excitation fluence, indicated by the fluence-dependent decay of 111^1Bu_{u}-exciton spectral signatures, and by the sub-linear fluence dependence of time- and wavelength-integrated photoluminescence (PL) intensity. These two characteristics are much less pronounced in MOPV solution where the phase equilibrium is shifted significantly away from supramolecular assembly, slightly below the transition temperature. A mesoscopic rate-equation model is applied to extract the bimolecular annihilation rate constant from the excitation fluence dependence of transient absorption and PL signals. The results demonstrate that the bimolecular annihilation rate is very high with a square-root dependence in time. The exciton annihilation results from a combination of fast exciton diffusion and resonance energy transfer. The supramolecular nanostructures studied here have electronic properties that are intermediate between molecular aggregates and polymeric semiconductors

    Neural Computation via Neural Geometry: A Place Code for Inter-whisker Timing in the Barrel Cortex?

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    The place theory proposed by Jeffress (1948) is still the dominant model of how the brain represents the movement of sensory stimuli between sensory receptors. According to the place theory, delays in signalling between neurons, dependent on the distances between them, compensate for time differences in the stimulation of sensory receptors. Hence the location of neurons, activated by the coincident arrival of multiple signals, reports the stimulus movement velocity. Despite its generality, most evidence for the place theory has been provided by studies of the auditory system of auditory specialists like the barn owl, but in the study of mammalian auditory systems the evidence is inconclusive. We ask to what extent the somatosensory systems of tactile specialists like rats and mice use distance dependent delays between neurons to compute the motion of tactile stimuli between the facial whiskers (or ‘vibrissae’). We present a model in which synaptic inputs evoked by whisker deflections arrive at neurons in layer 2/3 (L2/3) somatosensory ‘barrel’ cortex at different times. The timing of synaptic inputs to each neuron depends on its location relative to sources of input in layer 4 (L4) that represent stimulation of each whisker. Constrained by the geometry and timing of projections from L4 to L2/3, the model can account for a range of experimentally measured responses to two-whisker stimuli. Consistent with that data, responses of model neurons located between the barrels to paired stimulation of two whiskers are greater than the sum of the responses to either whisker input alone. The model predicts that for neurons located closer to either barrel these supralinear responses are tuned for longer inter-whisker stimulation intervals, yielding a topographic map for the inter-whisker deflection interval across the surface of L2/3. This map constitutes a neural place code for the relative timing of sensory stimuli

    DNA methylation and methyl-CpG binding proteins: developmental requirements and function

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    DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification in the genomes of higher eukaryotes. In vertebrates, DNA methylation occurs predominantly on the CpG dinucleotide, and approximately 60% to 90% of these dinucleotides are modified. Distinct DNA methylation patterns, which can vary between different tissues and developmental stages, exist on specific loci. Sites of DNA methylation are occupied by various proteins, including methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) proteins which recruit the enzymatic machinery to establish silent chromatin. Mutations in the MBD family member MeCP2 are the cause of Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, whereas other MBDs are known to bind sites of hypermethylation in human cancer cell lines. Here, we review the advances in our understanding of the function of DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferases, and methyl-CpG binding proteins in vertebrate embryonic development. MBDs function in transcriptional repression and long-range interactions in chromatin and also appear to play a role in genomic stability, neural signaling, and transcriptional activation. DNA methylation makes an essential and versatile epigenetic contribution to genome integrity and function

    Metabotropic action of postsynaptic kainate receptors triggers hippocampal long-term potentiation

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    Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampus is the most extensively studied cellular model for learning and memory. Induction of classical LTP involves an NMDA receptor- and calcium-dependent increase in functional synaptic AMPA receptors mediated by enhanced recycling of internalized AMPA receptors back to the postsynaptic membrane. Here we report a novel, physiologically relevant NMDA receptor-independent mechanism that drives increased AMPA receptor recycling and LTP. This pathway requires the metabotropic action of kainate receptors and activation of G-protein, protein kinase C and phospholipase C. Like classical LTP, kainate receptor-dependent LTP recruits recycling endosomes to spines, enhances synaptic recycling of AMPA receptors to increase their surface expression and elicits structural changes in spines, including increased growth and maturation. These data reveal a new and previously unsuspected role for postsynaptic kainate receptors in the induction of functional and structural plasticity in the hippocampus
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