225 research outputs found
Stratigraphie des dépÎts tertiaires et quaternaires de la dépression interandine d'Equateur (entre 0° et 2°15'S)
Des corrélations sédimentologiques et stratigraphiques effectuées dans trois zones de la Dépression Interandine d'Equateur et de récentes datations radiométriques permettent de compléter les connaissances stratigraphiques du Tertiaire et du Quaternaire de cette partie des Andes. La dynamique sédimentaire, identique dans ces trois zones de la Dépression Interandine, est caractéristique d'un bassin sédimentaire intra-arc depuis le Tertiaire supérieur. (Résumé d'auteur
LâĂ©dification des chaĂźnes pĂ©ricratoniques, contraintes structurales et cinĂ©matiques appliquĂ©es aux reconstructions de l'Asie du SE sur SIG
Le SE asiatique est un chantier qui permet dâĂ©tudier la formation des chaĂźnes de montagnes situĂ©es au dessus
des zones de subduction Ă diffĂ©rents stades de leur Ă©volution. Dans ces rĂ©gions, la cinĂ©matique des plaques est extrĂȘmement
rapide, souvent de lâordre de 10 cm/an, et la convergence engendre lâouverture, elle aussi rapide, de bassins marginaux
qui fragmentent sous forme de laniÚres les masses continentales. Les fragments ainsi séparés comportent donc un
substratum généralement constitué de matériel correspondant à des ophiolites de supra subduction (arc, avant-arc, arriÚre-
arc) ainsi que des reliques de croûte continentale. Ce type de mécanisme aboutit à la formation de plaques étirées
qui peuvent ĂȘtre soit de nature ocĂ©anique comme pour la plaque Philippine [Karig, 1975] formĂ©e de bassins arriĂšre-arcs
ouverts Ă lâEocĂšne (Bassin ouest-philippin), puis Ă lâOligo-MiocĂšne (bassin de Parece Vela/Shikoku), et au PliocĂšne
(bassin des Mariannes) [Le Pichon et al., 1975] ; bassin de Damar [Hinschberger, 2001]), soit de nature continentale
comme dans le cas des marges Australienne et Eurasiatique [Rangin et Pubellier, 1990 ; Rangin et al., 1990] (fig. 1).
Dans ce dernier cas, la configuration rĂ©sultante est celle dâune marge Ă©tirĂ©e Ă la façon dâun Ă©ventail depuis le PalĂ©ocĂšne
jusquâau MiocĂšne moyen. Ce mĂ©canisme gĂ©nĂšre des bassins diachrones ouverts vers lâest, avec un propagateur vers le
sud-ouest comme cela est visible dans lâouest de la mer de Chine [Huchon et al., 1998], et est dĂ©duit pour la mer des CĂ©lĂšbes
et son prolongement dans le dĂ©troit de Makassar [Moss and Chambers, 1999]. Cet Ă©tirement prenait lui-mĂȘme la
suite de lâĂ©croulement gravitaire de la chaĂźne Yenshanienne depuis le CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur, qui marquait la fin dâun processus
similaire dâaccrĂ©tion de blocs gondwaniens au cours du MĂ©sozoĂŻque [Metcalfe, 1996 ; Sewell et al., 2000]. Lâensemble
du bloc de la Sonde, avec ses bassins marginaux est soumis à un raccourcissement depuis le début du MiocÚne
[Rangin et al., 1990], les bassins marginaux rentrant en subduction, et certains blocs basculés de la marge passive étant
en cours dâaccostage contre la marge continentale. De mĂȘme que lâouverture des bassins sâĂ©tait effectuĂ©e de maniĂšre
diachrone, le serrage des bassins sâeffectue lui aussi de façon diachrone.
Les mécanismes actifs de convergence par subduction et les blocages sont maintenant bien connus, la précision
des récepteurs GPS, et surtout la répétition des mesures depuis prÚs de dix ans permettant de bien contraindre les déplacements
instantanés. Nous avons utilisé principalement les vecteurs GPS du programme GEODYSSEA [Michel et al.,
2001]. ParallĂšlement, les Ă©tudes de tomographie sismique imagent des anomalies positives de vitesse dans le manteau
pouvant indiquer des lithosphĂšres subductĂ©es. Câest le cas de la proto mer de Chine Sud, parallĂšle Ă lâactuelle mer de
Chine du Sud et probablement de géométrie similaire, maintenant disparue par subduction [Rangin et al., 1999b ; Prouteau
et al., 2001]. Dans cet article, les mouvements dĂ©duits du GPS ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s comme base cinĂ©matique jusquâĂ
lâĂąge de la derniĂšre dĂ©formation marquante, pour chaque bloc des ceintures dĂ©formĂ©es. LâĂ©volution des marges a Ă©tĂ©
revue de maniĂšre globale sur lâensemble de lâAsie du SE, de façon Ă prĂ©senter des coupes structurales synthĂ©tiques,avant et aprĂšs raccourcissement (fig. 3 Ă 10). Ces coupes montrent que lâarrivĂ©e des blocs continentaux dans les zones
de subduction entraßne un blocage, puis le plus souvent un saut de subduction qui intÚgre le bloc à la marge en créant
une déformation de la plaque supérieure [Dominguez et al., 1998 ; Pubellier et al., 1999 ; Von Huene et al., 1995 ;
Ranero et al., 2000].
Une base de donnĂ©es sur lâAsie du Sud-est est utilisĂ©e dans les reconstructions, mais seulement une partie est reprĂ©sentĂ©e
sur les planches 1 à 6 (topographie-bathymétrie, principales failles). La base complÚte comprend aussi bien
les failles actives et anciennes, que la topographie des chaĂźnes de montagnes, la morphologie des fonds sous-marins, la
gravimĂ©trie Ă lâair libre, les vecteurs de dĂ©placement GPS en diffĂ©rents points Ă partir du calcul du meilleur pĂŽle eulerien
correspondant au mouvement de chaque bloc, les épaisseurs des sédiments dans les bassins, ou encore la localisation
des profils sismiques utilisĂ©s. Lâutilisation dâun systĂšme dâinformation gĂ©ographique permet de restituer les
dĂ©placements des plaques ou des micro-blocs crustaux, soit Ă lâaide des vitesses angulaires, soit de façon interactive.
Cette dĂ©marche permet de choisir entre plusieurs hypothĂšses gĂ©ologiques en gardant une cohĂ©rence dâensemble. Les palĂ©o-
distances gĂ©odĂ©siques entre les blocs peuvent ĂȘtre mesurĂ©es, et les chaĂźnes de montagnes comme TaĂŻwan ou la
ChaĂźne centrale de Nouvelle GuinĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tirĂ©es pour retrouver lâespace quâelles occupaient vraisemblablement avant
leur formation. Dans les reconstructions, la profondeur des bassins correspond aux valeurs actuelles, et nâa pas Ă©tĂ© restaurĂ©e
en fonction du temps. Enfin, nous nâavons pas Ă©tendu les reconstructions Ă lâHimalaya et au Tibet, les mouvements
verticaux étant trop importants. Les reconstructions effectuées à 2, 4, 6, 10, 15 et 20 Ma (planches 1 à 6) montrent
que les parties continentales des plaques Sunda et Australie ; (SU/AU) sâĂ©loignent lâune de lâautre, alors que la plaque
philippine continue de âbrosserâ la plaque de la Sonde [Rangin et al., 1990], en transportant vers lâouest des fragments
formĂ©s au nord de la plaque australienne. Il sâagit donc dâun article qui prĂ©sente une gĂ©nĂ©ralisation de processus gĂ©odynamiques
de fonctionnement des marges actives, et dont le but est de donner une image cohĂ©rente de lâaccrĂ©tion de
blocs aux bordures des continents, et qui a nĂ©cessitĂ© des choix dans les options souvent dĂ©battues de lâĂ©volution au
deuxiĂšme ordre de secteurs dâimportance locale
Adding marrow adiposity and cortical porosity to femoral neck areal bone mineral density improves the discrimination of women with nonvertebral fractures from controls
Advancing age is accompanied by a reduction in bone formation and remodeling imbalance, which produces microstructural deterioration. This may be partly caused by a diversion of mesenchymal cells towards adipocytes rather than osteoblast lineage cells. We hypothesized that microstructural deterioration would be associated with an increased marrow adiposity, and each of these traits would be independently associated with nonvertebral fractures and improve discrimination of women with fractures from controls over that achieved by femoral neck (FN) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) alone. The marrow adiposity and bone microstructure were quantified from HRâpQCT images of the distal tibia and distal radius in 77 women aged 40 to 70 years with a recent nonvertebral fracture and 226 controls in Melbourne, Australia. Marrow fat measurement from HRâpQCT images was validated using direct histologic measurement as the gold standard, at the distal radius of 15 sheep, with an agreement (R2 =â0.86, p <â0.0001). Each SD higher distal tibia marrow adiposity was associated with 0.33 SD higher cortical porosity, and 0.60 SD fewer, 0.24 SD thinner, and 0.72 SD moreâseparated trabeculae (all p <â0.05). Adjusted for age and FN aBMD, odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) for fracture per SD higher marrow adiposity and cortical porosity were OR, 3.39 (95% CI, 2.14 to 5.38) and OR, 1.79 (95% CI, 1.14 to 2.80), respectively. Discrimination of women with fracture from controls improved when cortical porosity was added to FN aBMD and age (area under the receiverâoperating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.778 versus 0.751, p =â0.006) or marrow adiposity was added to FN aBMD and age (AUC 0.825 versus 0.751, p =â0.002). The model including FN aBMD, age, cortical porosity, trabecular thickness, and marrow adiposity had an AUC =â0.888. Results were similar for the distal radius. Whether marrow adiposity and cortical porosity indices improve the identification of women at risk for fractures requires validation in prospective studies. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Exciton bimolecular annihilation dynamics in supramolecular nanostructures of conjugated oligomers
We present femtosecond transient absorption measurements on -conjugated
supramolecular assemblies in a high pump fluence regime.
Oligo(\emph{p}-phenylenevinylene) monofunctionalized with
ureido-\emph{s}-triazine (MOPV) self-assembles into chiral stacks in dodecane
solution below 75C at a concentration of M. We
observe exciton bimolecular annihilation in MOPV stacks at high excitation
fluence, indicated by the fluence-dependent decay of B-exciton
spectral signatures, and by the sub-linear fluence dependence of time- and
wavelength-integrated photoluminescence (PL) intensity. These two
characteristics are much less pronounced in MOPV solution where the phase
equilibrium is shifted significantly away from supramolecular assembly,
slightly below the transition temperature. A mesoscopic rate-equation model is
applied to extract the bimolecular annihilation rate constant from the
excitation fluence dependence of transient absorption and PL signals. The
results demonstrate that the bimolecular annihilation rate is very high with a
square-root dependence in time. The exciton annihilation results from a
combination of fast exciton diffusion and resonance energy transfer. The
supramolecular nanostructures studied here have electronic properties that are
intermediate between molecular aggregates and polymeric semiconductors
Reproductive Outcomes Following Ectopic Pregnancy: Register-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Using Scottish national registry data, Sohinee Bhattacharya and colleagues investigate pregnancy outcomes following ectopic pregnancy in comparison to livebirth, miscarriage, or termination in a first pregnancy
Neural Computation via Neural Geometry: A Place Code for Inter-whisker Timing in the Barrel Cortex?
The place theory proposed by Jeffress (1948) is still the dominant model of how the brain represents the movement of sensory stimuli between sensory receptors. According to the place theory, delays in signalling between neurons, dependent on the distances between them, compensate for time differences in the stimulation of sensory receptors. Hence the location of neurons, activated by the coincident arrival of multiple signals, reports the stimulus movement velocity. Despite its generality, most evidence for the place theory has been provided by studies of the auditory system of auditory specialists like the barn owl, but in the study of mammalian auditory systems the evidence is inconclusive. We ask to what extent the somatosensory systems of tactile specialists like rats and mice use distance dependent delays between neurons to compute the motion of tactile stimuli between the facial whiskers (or âvibrissaeâ). We present a model in which synaptic inputs evoked by whisker deflections arrive at neurons in layer 2/3 (L2/3) somatosensory âbarrelâ cortex at different times. The timing of synaptic inputs to each neuron depends on its location relative to sources of input in layer 4 (L4) that represent stimulation of each whisker. Constrained by the geometry and timing of projections from L4 to L2/3, the model can account for a range of experimentally measured responses to two-whisker stimuli. Consistent with that data, responses of model neurons located between the barrels to paired stimulation of two whiskers are greater than the sum of the responses to either whisker input alone. The model predicts that for neurons located closer to either barrel these supralinear responses are tuned for longer inter-whisker stimulation intervals, yielding a topographic map for the inter-whisker deflection interval across the surface of L2/3. This map constitutes a neural place code for the relative timing of sensory stimuli
DNA methylation and methyl-CpG binding proteins: developmental requirements and function
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification in the genomes of higher eukaryotes. In vertebrates, DNA methylation occurs predominantly on the CpG dinucleotide, and approximately 60% to 90% of these dinucleotides are modified. Distinct DNA methylation patterns, which can vary between different tissues and developmental stages, exist on specific loci. Sites of DNA methylation are occupied by various proteins, including methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) proteins which recruit the enzymatic machinery to establish silent chromatin. Mutations in the MBD family member MeCP2 are the cause of Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, whereas other MBDs are known to bind sites of hypermethylation in human cancer cell lines. Here, we review the advances in our understanding of the function of DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferases, and methyl-CpG binding proteins in vertebrate embryonic development. MBDs function in transcriptional repression and long-range interactions in chromatin and also appear to play a role in genomic stability, neural signaling, and transcriptional activation. DNA methylation makes an essential and versatile epigenetic contribution to genome integrity and function
Metabotropic action of postsynaptic kainate receptors triggers hippocampal long-term potentiation
Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampus is the most extensively studied cellular model for learning and memory. Induction of classical LTP involves an NMDA receptor- and calcium-dependent increase in functional synaptic AMPA receptors mediated by enhanced recycling of internalized AMPA receptors back to the postsynaptic membrane. Here we report a novel, physiologically relevant NMDA receptor-independent mechanism that drives increased AMPA receptor recycling and LTP. This pathway requires the metabotropic action of kainate receptors and activation of G-protein, protein kinase C and phospholipase C. Like classical LTP, kainate receptor-dependent LTP recruits recycling endosomes to spines, enhances synaptic recycling of AMPA receptors to increase their surface expression and elicits structural changes in spines, including increased growth and maturation. These data reveal a new and previously unsuspected role for postsynaptic kainate receptors in the induction of functional and structural plasticity in the hippocampus
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