Renewable Hydrocarbons from Triglyceride\u27s Thermal Cracking

This chapter gives an overview of renewable hydrocarbon production through triglyceride\u27s thermal‐cracking process. The influence of feedstock characteristics and availability is discussed. It also presents issues about the reaction, the effect of operational conditions, and catalysts. A scheme of the reaction is presented and discussed. The composition and properties of bio‐oil is presented for both thermal and catalytic cracking. The high content of olefins and the high acid index are drawbacks that require downstream processes. The reactor design, kinetics, and scale‐up are opportunities for future studies. However, the similarity of bio‐oil with oil turns this process attractive

Seasonal chemical composition of an unexplored essential oil of Eugenia brevistyla

This study describes the qualitative and quantitative seasonal analysis of the essential oils from an unexplored plant Eugenia brevistyla, native from Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest and Semidecidual Forest. Analysis by GC-FID and GC-MS allowed the identification of 28 compounds. The largest fraction corresponds to oxygenated sesquiterpenes in all seasons. The major compound was E-nerolidol in all seasons, being higher in winter (83.14%) and lower in spring (69.6%). The second major compound was byciclogermacrene in the spring and in the summer essential oils. Alloaromadendrene and spathulenol were the second major compounds in autumn and winter, respectively. Sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons showed higher variation along the year (58%) than oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2%). No monoterpenes were found in the analyzed essential oils

Chemical composition similarity between the essential oils isolated from male and female specimens of each five Baccharis species

In the few studies published on essential oils from female and male specimens of Baccharis species, strong differences between the compositions of both samples were always found. The experiments conducted in this study make use of strategies to minimize the interference from genetic and environmental factors. Essential oils from leaves of female and male specimens of five Baccharis species were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry plus flame ionization detector (GC-MS-FID): B. caprariaefolia and B. dracunculifolia, which have been previously studied with similar aims; and B. coridifolia, B. semiserrata var. elaegnoides and B. pentaptera, the latter two not yet mentioned in the literature. The results were followed by hierarchical cluster analysis, verifying the formation of groups indicative of the great similarity of essential oils from male and female specimens of all five species. The study reinforces the value of field observation in natural product research and points genetic and ecological factors as main responsible for differences in the secondary metabolites of the studied plants._________________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMO: Nos poucos estudos publicados comparando óleos essenciais de espécimes femininos e masculinos de espécies Baccharis, fortes diferenças entre as composições de ambas as amostras foram sempre encontradas. Os experimentos realizados nesta pesquisa utilizam estratégias para minimizar a interferência de fatores genéticos e ecológicos. Os óleos essenciais das folhas de espécimes femininos e masculinos de cinco espécies Baccharis foram pesquisados com uso de um cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a um espectrômetro de massas e a um detector de ionização de chama (CG-EM-DIC): B. caprariaefolia e B. dracunculifolia, já pesquisadas anteriormente com objetivos similares; e B. coridifolia, B. semiserrata var. elaegnoides e B. pentaptera, as duas últimas ainda não mencionadas na literatura química. Os resultados foram acompanhados por análise hierárquica de grupos, verificando-se a formação de grupos indicativos da grande similaridade entre óleos essenciais dos espécimes masculinos e femininos de todas as cinco espécies. O estudo reafirma o valor das observações de campo na pesquisa de produtos naturais, e aponta fatores genéticos e ecológicos como principais responsáveis por diferenças no metabolismo secundário das plantas estudadas

Chemical composition and seasonal variation of essential oils of Eugenia pyriformis (Myrtaceae)

A composição química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação de folhas (coletadas entre outubro/2005 e dezembro/2006), flores e frutos de Eugenia pyriformis Camb. (Myrtaceae), foi analisada por CG e CG/EM. Os óleos foram caracterizados pela presença de monoterpenos e sesquiterpenos em quantidades variáveis durante o ano. Nos óleos das folhas os principais componentes foram β-pineno, limoneno, 1,8-cineol e óxido de cariofileno. O teor destes compostos mostrou grande variação sazonal. No óleo dos frutos os principais componentes foram óxido de cariofileno (16,2%) e limoneno (12,4%). No óleo das flores os componentes majoritários foram E-cariofileno (22,8%) e germacreno D (15,3%). Este óleo diferiu dos demais pela presença de benzoato de (Z)-3-hexenila (4,1%) e benzoato de benzila (0,7%) como constituintes minoritários.The chemical composition of essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves (collected from October/2005 to December/2006), flowers and fruits of Eugenia pyriformis Camb. (Myrtaceae), was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oils were characterized by variable amounts of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In leaf oils the main components were β-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineol and caryophyllene oxide. The content of these compounds showed considerable seasonal variation. In fruits oil caryophyllene oxide (16.2%) and limonene (12.4%) were the major components. In flowers oil the main components were E-caryophyllene (22.8%) and germacrene D (15.3%). This oil contained (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate (4.1%) and benzyl benzoate (0.7%) as minor constituentsColegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Essential oils composition of <i>Salvia lachnostachys</i> and <i>S. melissiflora</i> (Lamiaceae)

Os óleos essenciais de Salvia lachnostachys (folhas e flores) e S. melissiflora (folhas), obtidos por hidrodestilação, foram analisados por CG e CG/EM. Os óleos foram caracterizados por um elevado teor de compostos alifáticos. Nos óleos de S. lachnostachys o componente majoritário foi o ácido dodecanóico (folhas 61,6%, flores 73,4%). No óleo das folhas de S. melissiflora os componentes principais foram ácido linoleico (29,3%), ácido hexadecanóico (11,3%) e óxido de cariofileno (9,6%). Este é o primeiro relato de estudo de óleos essenciais nestas duas espécies.The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation of Salvia lachnostachys Benth. (leaves and flowers) and S. melissiflora Benth. (leaves) were analyzed by capillary GC/MS. The oils were characterized by high content of aliphatic compounds. In the essential oils of S. lachnostachys the major component was dodecanoic acid (61.6% in leaves and 73.4% in flowers). In the essential oil of S. melissiflora the main components were linoleic and hexadecanoic acids (29.3% and 11.3%, respectively) and caryophyllene oxide (9.6%). This paper describes for the first time the composition of essential oils of S. lachnostachys and S. melissiflora.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cantinoa stricta (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore (Lamiaceae)

The essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Cantinoa stricta (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore (Lamiaceae) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/ MS. The major components of both oils were caryophyllene oxide (leaf – 31.6%; flower – 21.7%) and cis-pinane (leaf – 15.4%; flower – 9.7%). The flower oil also contained significant amounts of a -pinene (9.4%) and b -pinene (9.1%). The oils were tested in vitro against U251 (glioma), UACC-62 (melanoma), MCF-7 (breast), NCI-H460 (lung), PC-3 (prostate), K-562 (leukemia) human cancer cell lines and against HaCat (no cancer cell), using the sulforhodamine B method. Both oils showed antiproliferative activity against all tested cells lines (TGI < 50 m g/mL), with exception of K562 cells. The highest activity was observed against MCF-7 cell lines (TGI = 4.54-10.36 m g/mL).10225726

Chemical composition, seasonal variation and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of essential oils of talauma ovata A. St. Hil. (magnoliaceae)

The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from trunk bark and leaves of Talauma ovata A. St. Hil. (Magnoliaceae), collected in four seasons, were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Altogether 52 components were identified. The oils were characterized by predominance of cyclic sesquiterpenes. The main components were linalool, trans-β-guaiene, germacrene D, germacrene B, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, viridiflorol and α-eudesmol. The content of individual components was variable during the year. All oils were screened against several strains of bacteria and yeasts, using the agar well-diffusion technique. The antimicrobial activity of oils showed strong dependence with the season. Significant activity was found for oils obtained in the spring and summer206565569FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPnão te

Composição química e atividade alelopática do óleo volátil de Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam (araliaceae)

The volatile oil obtained from the leaves of Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam (Araliaceae) was analyzed by GC, Chiral-GC and GC-MS. It was identified 14 compounds and the monoterpene (+)-limonene (53.6%) and sesquiterpene &#947;-muurolene (10.5%) were the main components. The allelopathic effects of the oil were evaluated against two seeds, Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. The results show that the oil exhibited inhibition effects in the germination and seedling growth of plants species relative to the control

Evaluation of phenolic compounds and lipid-lowering effect of Morus nigra leaves extract

<div><p>ABSTRACT Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) is a tree known as black mulberry and the leaves are used in folk medicine in the treatment of diabetes, high cholesterol and menopause symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the M. nigra leaves phytochemical profile in different extractions and the hypolipidemic effect of the infusion comparing to the fenofibrate. Morus nigra infusion (MN) showed higher amounts of phenolics and flavonoids (83.85 mg/g and 79.96 µg/g, respectively), as well as antioxidant activity (83.85%) than decoction or hydromethanolic extracts. Although, decoction showed the best result for ascorbic acid (4.35 mg/100 g) than hydromethanolic or infusion (2.51 or 2.13 mg/100 g, respectively). The phenolic acids gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic and the flavonoids quercetin, rutin and catechin were found in the M. nigra extracts. Hyperlipidemic rats treated with 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of MN decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides and normalized lipoproteins. Furthermore, MN inhibited lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney and brain of hyperlipidemic rats. This study provides evidence that M. nigra leaves extracts are rich in polyphenols, mainly chlorogenic acid, which normalized hyperlipidemic disturbance. The results suggest a potential therapeutic effect of the M. nigra leaves infusion on dislipidemic condition and related oxidative stress.</p></div