260 research outputs found
Classical approach in quantum physics
The application of a classical approach to various quantum problems - the
secular perturbation approach to quantization of a hydrogen atom in external
fields and a helium atom, the adiabatic switching method for calculation of a
semiclassical spectrum of hydrogen atom in crossed electric and magnetic
fields, a spontaneous decay of excited states of a hydrogen atom, Gutzwiller's
approach to Stark problem, long-lived excited states of a helium atom recently
discovered with the help of Poincar section, inelastic
transitions in slow and fast electron-atom and ion-atom collisions - is
reviewed. Further, a classical representation in quantum theory is discussed.
In this representation the quantum states are treating as an ensemble of
classical states. This approach opens the way to an accurate description of the
initial and final states in classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method and
a purely classical explanation of tunneling phenomenon. The general aspects of
the structure of the semiclassical series such as renormgroup symmetry,
criterion of accuracy and so on are reviewed as well. In conclusion, the
relation between quantum theory, classical physics and measurement is
discussed.Comment: This review paper was rejected from J.Phys.A with referee's comment
"The author has made many worthwhile contributions to semiclassical physics,
but this article does not meet the standard for a topical review"
Effective action for strongly correlated electron systems
The su(2|1) coherent-state path-integral representation of the partition
function of the t - J model of strongly correlated electrons is derived at
finite doping. The emergent effective action is compared to the one proposed
earlier on phenomenological grounds by Shankar to describe holes in an
antiferromagnet (Nucl.Phys. B330 (1990) 433). The t - J model effective action
is found to have an important "extra" factor with no analogue in Shankar's
action. It represents the local constraint of no double electron occupancy and
reflects the rearrangement of the underlying phase-space manifold due to the
presence of strong electron correlation. This important ingredient is shown to
be essential to describe the physics of strongly correlated electron systems.
Keywords: t - J model of strongly correlated electrons; su(2|1)
coherent-state path integralComment: 22 page
A Single Laser System for Ground-State Cooling of 25-Mg+
We present a single solid-state laser system to cool, coherently manipulate
and detect Mg ions. Coherent manipulation is accomplished by
coupling two hyperfine ground state levels using a pair of far-detuned Raman
laser beams. Resonant light for Doppler cooling and detection is derived from
the same laser source by means of an electro-optic modulator, generating a
sideband which is resonant with the atomic transition. We demonstrate
ground-state cooling of one of the vibrational modes of the ion in the trap
using resolved-sideband cooling. The cooling performance is studied and
discussed by observing the temporal evolution of Raman-stimulated sideband
transitions. The setup is a major simplification over existing state-of-the-art
systems, typically involving up to three separate laser sources
Relativistic nuclear recoil corrections to the energy levels of hydrogen-like and high lithium like atoms in all orders in
The relativistic nuclear recoil corrections to the energy levels of
low-laying states of hydrogen-like and high lithium-like atoms in all
orders in are calculated. The calculations are carried out using the
B-spline method for the Dirac equation.
For low the results of the calculation are in good agreement with the
-expansion results. It is found that the nuclear recoil
contribution, additional to the Salpeter's one, to the Lamb shift () of
hydrogen is . The total nuclear recoil correction to the energy
of the transition in lithium-like uranium
constitutes and is largely made up of QED contributions.Comment: 19 pages, latex, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Game Theoretical Interactions of Moving Agents
Game theory has been one of the most successful quantitative concepts to
describe social interactions, their strategical aspects, and outcomes. Among
the payoff matrix quantifying the result of a social interaction, the
interaction conditions have been varied, such as the number of repeated
interactions, the number of interaction partners, the possibility to punish
defective behavior etc. While an extension to spatial interactions has been
considered early on such as in the "game of life", recent studies have focussed
on effects of the structure of social interaction networks.
However, the possibility of individuals to move and, thereby, evade areas
with a high level of defection, and to seek areas with a high level of
cooperation, has not been fully explored so far. This contribution presents a
model combining game theoretical interactions with success-driven motion in
space, and studies the consequences that this may have for the degree of
cooperation and the spatio-temporal dynamics in the population. It is
demonstrated that the combination of game theoretical interactions with motion
gives rise to many self-organized behavioral patterns on an aggregate level,
which can explain a variety of empirically observed social behaviors
Isotope tracing of submarine groundwater discharge offshore Ubatuba, Brazil : results of the IAEA–UNESCO SGD project
Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99 (2008): 1596-1610, doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.06.010.Results of groundwater and seawater analyses for radioactive (3H, 222Rn, 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra) and stable (2H, 18O)
isotopes are presented together with in situ spatial mapping and time-series 222Rn measurements in seawater, direct seepage
measurements using manual and automated seepage meters, pore water investigations using different tracers and piezometric
techniques, and geoelectric surveys probing the coast. This study represents first time that such a new complex arsenal of radioactive
and non-radioactive tracer techniques and geophysical methods have been used for simultaneous submarine groundwater discharge
(SGD) investigations. Large fluctuations of SGD fluxes were observed at sites situated only a few meters apart (from 0 cm d-1 to 360
cm d-1; the unit represents cm3/cm2/day), as well as during a few hours (from 0 cm d-1 to 110 cm d-1), strongly depending on the tidal
fluctuations. The average SGD flux estimated from continuous 222Rn measurements is 17±10 cm d-1. Integrated coastal SGD flux
estimated for the Ubatuba coast using radium isotopes is about 7x103 m3 d-1 per km of the coast. The isotopic composition (δ2H and
δ18O) of submarine waters was characterised by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment, indicating that the contribution
of groundwater in submarine waters varied from a small percentage to 20%. However, this contribution with increasing offshore
distance became negligible. Automated seepage meters and time-series measurements of 222Rn activity concentration showed a
negative correlation between the SGD rates and tidal stage. This is likely caused by sea level changes as tidal effects induce variations of hydraulic gradients. The geoelectric probing and piezometric measurements contributed to better understanding of the spatial distribution of different water masses present along the coast. The radium isotope data showed scattered distributions with offshore distance, which imply that seawater in a complex coast with many small bays and islands was influenced by local currents and
groundwater/seawater mixing. This has also been confirmed by a relatively short residence time of 1-2 weeks for water within 25 km
offshore, as obtained by short-lived radium isotopes. The irregular distribution of SGD seen at Ubatuba is a characteristic of fractured
rock aquifers, fed by coastal groundwater and recirculated seawater with small admixtures of groundwater, which is of potential
environmental concern and has implications on the management of freshwater resources in the region.This research was
supported by IAEA and UNESCO (IOC and IHP) in the framework of the joint SGD project.
Science support for some U.S. investigators was provided by grants from the National Science
Foundation (OCE03-50514 to WCB and OCE02-33657 to WSM)
Impact of sugarcane trash on fertilizer requirements for São Paulo, Brazil
The area under mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvesting is expanding in Brazil, increasing the return of trash to the soil. The main questions regarding this management are: (i) after adopting unburned mechanical harvesting, how long will it take to observe decreases in fertilizer requirements, (ii) what will be the magnitude of this decrease and, (iii) the impact in the short run of removing trash for energy purposes in the nutrient cycling? This study aimed to build an N prediction model for long term assessment of the contribution of sugarcane crop residues to sugarcane nutrition and to evaluate the cycling of other nutrients derived from crop residues. Keeping crop residues over the soil will increase soil N stock and N recovery by sugarcane, reaching equilibrium after 40 years with recovery of approximately 40 kg ha-1 year-1 of N. Removing trash for energy production will decrease the potential reduction in N fertilizer requirement. Of the total nutrients in the trash, 75 % of the K2O (81 kg ha-1 year-1) and 50 % of the N (31 kg ha-1 year-1) are in the tops, indicating the importance of maintaining tops in the soil to sustain soil fertility. Because the input data employed in the simulations are representative of the conditions in Southeast Brazil, these results might not be definitive for situations not represented in the experiments used in the study, but the model produced is useful to forecast changes that occur in the soil under different trash management
RANTES/CCL5 and risk for coronary events: Results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg case-cohort, Athero-express and CARDIoGRAM studies
Background: The chemokine RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted)/CCL5 is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in mice, whereas less is known in humans. We hypothesised that its relevance for atherosclerosis should be reflected by associations between CCL5 gene variants, RANTES serum concentrations and protein levels in atherosclerotic plaques and risk for coronary events. Methods and Findings: We conducted a case-cohort study within the population-based MONICA/KORA Augsburg studies. Baseline RANTES serum levels were measured in 363 individuals with incident coronary events and 1,908 non-cases (mean follow-up: 10.2±
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