A Qualitative Methodology for Studying Parent–Child Argumentation

This chapter provides a detailed exposé of the research methodology on which the investigation of parent–child argumentation during mealtime is based. In the first part, the conceptual tools adopted for the analysis of argumentative discussions between parents and children, i.e., the pragma-dialectical ideal model of a critical discussion and the Argumentum Model of Topics, are presented. Subsequently, the process of data gathering and the procedures for the transcription of oral data are discussed. Finally, in the last part of the chapter, ethical issues and practical problems in collecting parent–child mealtime conversations present throughout the study are considered

Institutional argumentation and conflict prevention: The case of the Swiss Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner

By focusing on a case study of institutional argumentation in the sector of data protection and transparency, this paper offers a view on the role of institutional argumentative discourse aimed at conflict prevention in public organizations. In particular, the context we are analyzing is that of a Swiss institutional role named Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC). Among other tasks, the person who serves as a FDPIC has the right to monitor data protection in the whole territory of the Swiss Confederation, with the possibility of issuing recommendations to subjects who are found in violation of the law on this matter. The FDPIC's role appears similar to that of ombudsmen; his or her recommendations are not binding for the parties, but they represent powerful argument-based warnings that serve the function of preventing escalation to a court proceeding. The specific nature of this type of recommendation is explored in this paper both at the level of a semantic–pragmatic analysis of the speech act “to recommend”, and at the level of argumentation. Integrating an argumentative level is necessary to fully explain the intended effect of this specific type of speech act of recommendation in this context. Argumentation is also advanced by the FDPIC to support his decision: by devising a comprehensive, convincing and well-structured argumentative discourse, the FDPIC pursues the ultimate pragmatic goal of preventing the emergence of conflicts between citizens and legal authorities

IRDR: causa-piloto ou causa-modelo?

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as fontes internacionais que influenciaram o incidente de resolução de demandas repetitivas, principalmente a respeito da sua eficiência dentro do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, buscando soluções alternativas para consolidar o instrumento no cotidiano do cidadão comum. Por meio da pesquisa dogmáticainstrumental, e da técnica bibliográfica, sistematizou-se a doutrina jurídica, a fim de investigar as consequências jurídicas geradas pela influência das fontes internacionais no procedimento de julgamento de massa. O estudo do processo civil nacional e sua estrutura pautada em dois instrumentos teóricos (causa-piloto e causa-modelo) possibilitou a comparação entre esses, demonstrando o modelo exclusivamente brasileiro/tupiniquim, como as suas peculiaridades. A crítica gira tem sua pertinência, na medida em que, o instrumento demonstra lacunas estruturais entre os institutos jurídicos do nosso ordenamento (civil law) e o common law. Por fim, o incidente de resolução de demandas de massa consolida-se de forma precoce no Código de Processo Civil de 2015, evidenciado por lacunas normativas, e panaceias jurídicas frutos dos modelos externos

Enhanced smoking cessation support for newly abstinent smokers discharged from hospital (The Hospital to Home trial): A randomised controlled trial

Background and aimsThe United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance (NICE PH48) recommends that pharmacotherapy combined with behavioural support be provided for all smokers admitted to hospital; however, relapse to smoking after discharge remains common. This study aimed to assess the effect of adding home support for newly?abstinent smokers to conventional NICE?recommended support in smokers discharged from hospital.Designindividually?randomised parallel group trial.SettingOne UK acute hospital.Participants404 smokers aged >18 admitted to acute medical wards between June 2016 and July 2017 were randomised in equal numbers to each treatment group.Interventions and comparatorsThe intervention provided 12 weeks of at?home cessation support which included help in maintaining a smoke?free home, help in accessing and using medication, further behavioural support and personalised feedback on home air quality. The comparator was NICE PH48 care as usual.MeasuresThe primary outcome was self?reported continuous abstinence from smoking validated by an exhaled carbon monoxide level ?6ppm four?weeks after discharge from hospital.FindingsIn an intention?to?treat analysis at the four?week primary endpoint, 38 participants (18.8%) in the usual care group and 43 (21.3%) in the intervention group reported continuous abstinence from smoking (odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 1.90, Bayes factor 0.33). There were no significant differences in any secondary outcomes, including self?reported cessation at 3 months, having a smoke?free home, or number of cigarettes smoked per day in those who did not quit.ConclusionsProvision of a home visit and continued support to prevent relapse to smoking after hospital discharge did not appear to increase subsequent abstinence rate above usual care in accordance with UK guidance from the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence

Multisensory causal inference in the brain

At any given moment, our brain processes multiple inputs from its different sensory modalities (vision, hearing, touch, etc.). In deciphering this array of sensory information, the brain has to solve two problems: (1) which of the inputs originate from the same object and should be integrated and (2) for the sensations originating from the same object, how best to integrate them. Recent behavioural studies suggest that the human brain solves these problems using optimal probabilistic inference, known as Bayesian causal inference. However, how and where the underlying computations are carried out in the brain have remained unknown. By combining neuroimaging-based decoding techniques and computational modelling of behavioural data, a new study now sheds light on how multisensory causal inference maps onto specific brain areas. The results suggest that the complexity of neural computations increases along the visual hierarchy and link specific components of the causal inference process with specific visual and parietal regions

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Neonates and Children Undergoing Dental, Maxillo-Facial or Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) Surgery: A RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method Consensus Study

Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a potential complication in surgical procedures, mainly because clean/contaminated surgery involves organs that are normally colonized by bacteria. Dental, maxillo-facial and ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgeries are among those that carry a risk of SSIs because the mouth and the first respiratory tracts are normally colonized by a bacterial flora. The aim of this consensus document was to provide clinicians with recommendations on surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in neonates (<28 days of chronological age) and pediatric patients (within the age range of 29 days–18 years) undergoing dental, maxillo-facial or ENT surgical procedures. These included: (1) dental surgery; (2) maxilla-facial surgery following trauma with fracture; (3) temporo-mandibular surgery; (4) cleft palate and cleft lip repair; (5) ear surgery; (6) endoscopic paranasal cavity surgery and septoplasty; (7) clean head and neck surgery; (8) clean/contaminated head and neck surgery and (9) tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Due to the lack of pediatric data for the majority of dental, maxillo-facial and ENT surgeries and the fact that the recommendations for adults are currently used, there is a need for ad hoc studies to be rapidly planned for the most deficient areas. This seems even more urgent for interventions such as those involving the first airways since the different composition of the respiratory microbiota in children compared to adults implies the possibility that surgical antibiotic prophylaxis schemes that are ideal for adults may not be equally effective in children

Structure and thermal reactivity of Zn(II) salts of isocinchomeronic acid (2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid)

The synthesis, an improved refined crystal and molecular structure re-determination, and the thermal decomposition behavior of two Zn(II) derivatives of isocinchomeronic acid (2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid or H22,5-pydc) are presented. [Zn(2,5-pydc)(H2O)3Zn(2,5-pydc)(H2O)2]2 (1) crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group with a = 7.106(2), b = 11.450(2), c = 11.869(1) A, α = 107.29(1), β = 104.08(1), γ = 90.32(2)°, and Z = 2. [Zn(2,5-pydc)(H2O)2] · H2O (2) is orthorhombic (P212121 space group), with a = 7.342(1), b = 9.430(1), c = 13.834(2) A, and Z = 4. The structures were refined to agreement R; 1-factors of 0.0315 (1) and 0.0336 (2). Complex (1) is arranged as molecular Zn4(2,5-pydc)4(H2O)10 tetramers, the cages of which define channels that remain unblocked by anions. Compound (2) is polymeric with Zn(2,5-pydc)(H2O)2 and Zn(2,5-pydc)(H2O)3 units linked through bridging ligands. Both compounds were synthesized under mild conditions in aqueous media, without need to resort to hydrothermal media. Changing the pH from 4.51 to 5.75 suffices to direct the chemical processes toward the orthorhombic compound rather than to the triclinic one.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta