Coordinación y gestión de crisis. El caso del gobierno federal y dos gobiernos subnacionales en México

The article analyzes how the Mexican subnational governments responded the COVID 19 outbreak during the first stage of the crisis. The response of two subnational governments whose territory is part of the largest metropolitan area in the country that has been the focus of the pandemic is presented. We ask about the coordination instruments to face COVID-19 between the federal policy and programs with the subnational governments and argue that, during the first stage of the management of the COVID-19 crisis the institutional and organizational design of the Mexican political-administrative system has had a relevant impact on the government’s response, as well in the coordination policies. The article demonstrates that in a crisis, coordination instruments do not depend on political parties but consist of a blend of weak and suitable articulation of policies of the subnational governments with the federal strategy, as well as the need to improve the instruments of collaboration between the various levels of government in the context of a healthcare system in transformation.El artículo analiza cómo respondieron los gobiernos subnacionales mexicanos al brote de COVID-19 durante la primera etapa de la crisis. Se presenta la respuesta de dos gobiernos subnacionales cuyo territorio forma parte de la mayor área metropolitana del país que ha sido foco de la pandemia. Nos preguntamos acerca de los instrumentos de coordinación para enfrentar el COVID-19 entre la política y los programas federales con los gobiernos subnacionales y argumentamos que, durante la primera etapa de la gestión de la crisis del COVID-19 el diseño institucional y organizacional del sistema político-administrativo mexicano ha tenido un impacto relevante en la respuesta del gobierno, así como en las políticas de coordinación. El artículo demuestra que, en una crisis, los instrumentos de coordinación no dependen de los partidos políticos, sino que consisten en una combinación de articulación débil y adecuada de las políticas de los gobiernos subnacionales con la estrategia federal, así como de la necesidad de mejorar los instrumentos de colaboración entre los gobiernos subnacionales en el contexto de un sistema de salud en transformación

El estancamiento lechero.

Se analiza la situación lechera del país y se propone la necesidad de iniciar un real planteamiento del estado de producción de leche, estudiando todos sus detalles y condiciones de explotación, extracción, mercadeo, procesamiento, calidad y demás aspectos tecnológicos de productividad dentro del concordante manejo de la relación suelo-planta-animal-administración, investigando por qué el poseedor de las tierras aptas para esta empresa no desea invertir en esta actividad pecuaria, motivando cuestionamientos precisos de por qué no se progresa en esta industria, por qué se sacrifica tanta hembra en condiciones de reproducción, por qué no se importa el bien de producción en lugar del producto terminado, por qué no existen tasas de interés diferenciales e incentivantes para los productores actuales o para los que desean iniciarse, por qué no se incrementan los crusamientos lecheros (razas productoras de leche especializadas, por Cebú) y por qué este tipo de cruce que va a tener doble utilidad, carne-leche, no tiene un trato preferencial y por último elaborando un plan concreto de desarrollo, el cual comprendería: facilitar la importación de hembras de razas puras con tasas de interés no mayor del 15 por ciento y plazos de amortización a 15 años, fomentar el cruzamiento de razas lecheras especializadas con ganado criollo y Cebú, implementar mecanismos para la importación de maquinaria y equipos necesarios en el sector de producción de leche (tractores e implementos, equipos de ordeño, cosechadoras de forrajes, henificadoras) por parte de entidades oficialesGanado de leche-Ganadería lech

The Case for Hypercritical Accretion in M33 X-7

The spin parameter of the black hole in M33 X-7 has recently been measured to be a*=0.77+-0.05 (Liu et al. 2008). It has been proposed that the spin of the 15.65 M_sun black hole is natal. We show that this is not a viable evolutionary path given the observed binary orbital period of 3.45 days since the explosion that would produce a black hole with the cited spin parameter and orbital period would disrupt the binary. Furthermore, we show that the system has to be evolved through the hypercritical mass transfer of about 5 M_sun from the secondary star to the black hole.Comment: 4 page

Technological properties of maize tortillas produced by microwave nixtamalization with variable alkalinity

This research was conducted to determine the quality, physicochemical, textural, compositional, nutritional, viscoamylographic and sensory properties of maize tortillas produced with a Modified tortilla-making process (MTMP) of variable alkalinity (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5% Ca(OH)2 w/w) and compared to the commercial brand MASECA ®. In general, tortillas from MTMP showed higher pH, total color difference (ΔE), tensile strength/cutting force, protein, lipids, crude fibre, lysine, tryptophan, in vitro protein digestibility and lower Hunter L value, loss of weight during cooking and moisture content than MASECA® tortillas. No significant differences were found in the sensory analysis of 22 descriptors of tortillas made from MASECA® and MTMP with Ca(OH)2 concentrations of 0.125 and 0.25% (w/w). However, panelist identified principal effects on changes in four attributes (aroma, appearance, flavor, and after taste flavor) and seven descriptors in tortillas from MTMP prepared with the maximum lime concentration (0.5% w/w). Microwave nixtamalization produce tortillas with acceptable physicochemical, textural, quality, compositional/nutritional and pasting properties.Key words: Maize, modified nixtamalization, tortillas, technological properties

Lactoinducción en novillas.

En el Centro de Investigaciones Tibaitatá, Cundinamarca se realizó un ensayo para evaluar la inducción hormonal de lactancias en novillas lecheras sin problemas reproductivos. Se utilizaron 14 novillas Holstein las cuales fueron sometidas a 2 tratamientos: tratamiento 1, progesterona de absorción normal, estrógenos, dexametasona y oxitocina. Y tratamiento 2, progesterona de depósito, estrógenos, dexametasona y oxitocina. Adicionalmente, se conformó un grupo testigo de 7 novillas preñadas, con parto durante la época de los tratamientos hormonales. El manejo, alimentación y suplementación fueron similares en todos los animales. El éxito de inducción láctea fue mayor para el tratamiento 1 respecto al tratamiento 2 (100 por ciento vs. 71.2 por ciento P mayor de 0.05). La producción láctea obtenida en los animales experimentales fue aceptable (7.8 litros/animal/día), sin presentarse diferencias entre tratamientos (7.71 vs 7.91). El pico de producción en animales experimentales se presentó a las 9.5 semanas, y la longitud de la lactancia promedio 279 dias. Aunque inicialmente se presentaron quistes ováricos en los animales experimentales, éstos no afectaron el comportamiento reproductivo, presentándose el 83 por ciento de preñez a los 180 dias. El crecimiento no fue afectado por la lactancia inducida. Los tratamientos hormonales fueron rentables, al tener en cuenta la tasa de retorno (1.71 y 1.76 respectivamente

CASTOR: An architecture to bring cognition to transport networks

CASTOR architecture to enable cognitive networking is demonstrated. Extended nodes make local decisions, whilst a centralized system beside the network controller makes network-wide decisions. Interaction with ONOS, Net2Plan, and passive monitoring devices is exhibited.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Formation of the black-hole binary M33 X-7 via mass-exchange in a tight massive system

M33 X-7 is among the most massive X-Ray binary stellar systems known, hosting a rapidly spinning 15.65 Msun black hole orbiting an underluminous 70 Msun Main Sequence companion in a slightly eccentric 3.45 day orbit. Although post-main-sequence mass transfer explains the masses and tight orbit, it leaves unexplained the observed X-Ray luminosity, star's underluminosity, black hole's spin, and eccentricity. A common envelope phase, or rotational mixing, could explain the orbit, but the former would lead to a merger and the latter to an overluminous companion. A merger would also ensue if mass transfer to the black hole were invoked for its spin-up. Here we report that, if M33 X-7 started as a primary of 85-99 Msun and a secondary of 28-32 Msun, in a 2.8-3.1 day orbit, its observed properties can be consistently explained. In this model, the Main Sequence primary transferred part of its envelope to the secondary and lost the rest in a wind; it ended its life as a ~16 Msun He star with a Fe-Ni core which collapsed to a black hole (with or without an accompanying supernova). The release of binding energy and, possibly, collapse asymmetries "kicked" the nascent black hole into an eccentric orbit. Wind accretion explains the X-Ray luminosity, while the black hole spin can be natal.Comment: Manuscript: 18 pages, 2 tables, 2 figure. Supplementary Information: 34 pages, 6 figures. Advance Online Publication (AOP) on http://www.nature.com/nature on October 20, 2010. To Appear in Nature on November 4, 201

Recensiones [Revista de Historia Económica Año VII Invierno 1989 n. 1 pp. 219-253]

Linda Newson. The Cost Of Conquest. Indian decline in Honduras under the Spanish rule e Indian survival in colonial Nicaragua (Por Pedro Pérez Herrero).-- Pedro Rodríguez Campomanes. Reflexiones sobre el comercio español a Indias. (Por Luis Perdices Blas).-- Josep Fontana y otros. El comercio libre entre España y América Latina, 1765- 1824 (Por Andrés José Moreno Mengíbar).-- David-Sven Reher. Familia, población y sociedad en la provincia de Cuenca, 1700- 1970 (Por Concepción De Castro).-- Harvey J. Graff. The labyrinths of literacy. Reflections on literacy past and present (Por Clara E. Núñez).-- Bernard Elbaum y William Lazonick (Eds.) The decline of the Brittish Economy (Por Antonio F. Cubel Montesinos).-- Antonio Gómez Mendoza. Ferrocarril y mercado interior, Vol. 1: cereales, harinas y vinos, y Vol. 2: Manufacturas textiles, materias textiles, minerales, combustibles y metales (Por James Simpson).-- Carmen Sanchís Deusa. El transporte en el País Valenciano. Carreteras y ferrocarriles (Por Javier Vidal Olivares).-- José Manuel Naredo. La economía en evolución. Historia y perspectivas de las categorías básicas del pensamiento Eeconómico (Por Manuel Santos Redondo).-- Roger Backhouse. Historia del análisis económico moderno (Por Fernando Méndez Ibisate).-- William N. Parker (Ed.). Economic History and the modern economist (Por Gabriel Tortella)Publicad

Hierarchical Star Formation: Stars and Stellar Clusters in the Gould Belt

We perform a study of the spatial and kinematical distribution of young open clusters in the solar neighborhood, discerning between bound clusters and transient stellar condensations within our sample. Then, we discriminate between Gould Belt (GB) and local Galactic disk (LGD) members, using a previous estimate of the structural parameters of both systems obtained from a sample of O-B6 Hipparcos stars. Using this classified sample we analyze the spatial structure and the kinematic behavior of the cluster system in the GB. The two star formation regions that dominate and give the GB its characteristic inclined shape show a striking difference in their content of star clusters: while Ori OB1 is richly populated by open clusters, not a single one can be found within the boundaries of Sco OB2. This is mirrored in the velocity space, translating again into an abundance of clusters in the region of the kinematic space populated by the members of Ori OB1, and a marginal number of them associated to Sco OB2. In the light of these results we study the nature of the GB with respect to the optical segment of the Orion Arm, and we propose that the different content of star clusters, the different heights over the Galactic plane and the different residual velocities of Ori OB1 and Sco OB2 can be explained in terms of their relative position to the density maximum of the Local Arm in the solar neighborhood. Although morphologically intriguing, the GB appears to be the result of our local and biased view of a larger star cluster complex in the Local Arm, that could be explained by the internal dynamics of the Galactic disk.Comment: 23 pages, including 12 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Clustering of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyles among Spanish Children in the EsNuPI Study

Dietary patterns (DPs) are known to be tied to lifestyle behaviors. Understanding DPs and their relationships with lifestyle factors can help to prevent children from engaging in unhealthy dietary practices. We aimed to describe DPs in Spanish children aged 1 to <10 years and to examine their associations with sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. The consumption of toddler and young children milk formulas, enriched and fortified milk within the Spanish pediatric population is increasing, and there is a lack of evidence whether the consumption of this type of milk is causing an impact on nutrient intakes and if they are helping to reach the nutrient recommendations. Within the Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI), we considered two study cohorts and three different age groups in three year-intervals in each of them. The study cohort included 740 children in a representative sample of the urban non-vegan Spanish population and 772 children in a convenience cohort of adapted milk consumers (AMS) (including follow-on formula, toddler’s milk, growing up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) who provided information about sociodemographics, lifestyle, and dietary habits; a food frequency questionnaire was used for the latter. Principal component analysis was performed to identify DPs from 18 food groups. Food groups and sociodemographic/lifestyle variables were combined through a hierarchical cluster algorithm. Three DPs predominated in every age group and study sample: a palatable energy-dense food dietary pattern, and two Mediterranean-like DPs. However, children from the AMS showed a predominant dietary pattern markedly related to the Mediterranean diet, with high consumption of cereals, fruits and vegetables, as well as milk and dairy products. The age of children and certain lifestyle factors, namely level of physical activity, parental education, and household income, correlated closely with the dietary clusters. Thus, the findings provide insight into designing lifestyle interventions that could reverse the appearance of unhealthy DPs in the Spanish child population