Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (cause of black rot of crucifers) in the genomic era is still a worldwide threat to brassica crops

Background Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) (Pammel) Dowson is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes black rot, the most important disease of vegetable brassica crops worldwide. Intensive molecular investigation of Xcc is gaining momentum and several whole genome sequences are available. Taxonomy Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadacea; Genus Xanthomonas; Species X. campestris. Host range and symptoms Xcc can cause disease in a large number of species of Brassicaceae (ex-Cruciferae), including economically important vegetable Brassica crops and a number of other cruciferous crops, ornamentals and weeds, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Black rot is a systemic vascular disease. Typical disease symptoms include V-shaped yellow lesions starting from the leaf margins and blackening of the veins. Race structure, pathogenesis and epidemiology Collections of Xcc isolates have been differentiated into physiological races based on the response of several brassica species lines. Black rot is a seed-borne disease. The disease is favoured by warm, humid conditions and can spread rapidly from rain dispersal and irrigation water. Disease control The control of black rot is difficult and relies on the use of pathogen-free planting material and the elimination of other potential inoculum sources (infected crop debris and cruciferous weeds). Major gene resistance is very rare in B. oleracea (brassica C genome). Resistance is more readily available in other species, including potentially useful sources of broad-spectrum resistance in B. rapa and B. carinata (A and BC genomes, respectively) and in the wild relative A. thaliana. Genome The reference genomes of three isolates have been released. The genome consists of a single chromosome of approximately 5 100 000 bp, with a GC content of approximately 65% and an average predicted number of coding DNA sequences (CDS) of 4308. Important genes identified Three different secretion systems have been identified and studied in Xcc. The gene clusters xps and xcs encode a type II secretion system and xps genes have been linked to pathogenicity. The role of the type IV secretion system in pathogenicity is still uncertain. The hrp gene cluster encodes a type III secretion system that is associated with pathogenicity. An inventory of candidate effector genes has been assembled based on homology with known effectors. A range of other genes have been associated with virulence and pathogenicity, including the rpf, gum and wxc genes involved in the regulation of the synthesis of extracellular degrading enzymes, xanthan gum and lipopolysaccharides

A multispectral study of an extratropical cyclone with Nimbus 3 medium resolution infrared radiometer data

Four registered channels (0.2 to 4, 6.5 to 7, 10 to 11, and 20 to 23 microns) of the Nimbus 3 Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) were used to study 24-hr changes in the structure of an extratropical cyclone during a 6-day period in May 1969. Use of a stereographic-horizon map projection insured that the storm was mapped with a single perspective throughout the series and allowed the convenient preparation of 24-hr difference maps of the infrared radiation fields. Single-channel and multispectral analysis techniques were employed to establish the positions and vertical slopes of jetstreams, large cloud systems, and major features of middle and upper tropospheric circulation. Use of these techniques plus the difference maps and continuity of observation allowed the early detection of secondary cyclones developing within the circulation of the primary cyclone. An automated, multispectral cloud-type identification technique was developed, and comparisons that were made with conventional ship reports and with high-resolution visual data from the image dissector camera system showed good agreement

Natural history of Arabidopsis thaliana and oomycete symbioses

Molecular ecology of plant–microbe interactions has immediate significance for filling a gap in knowledge between the laboratory discipline of molecular biology and the largely theoretical discipline of evolutionary ecology. Somewhere in between lies conservation biology, aimed at protection of habitats and the diversity of species housed within them. A seemingly insignificant wildflower called Arabidopsis thaliana has an important contribution to make in this endeavour. It has already transformed botanical research with deepening understanding of molecular processes within the species and across the Plant Kingdom; and has begun to revolutionize plant breeding by providing an invaluable catalogue of gene sequences that can be used to design the most precise molecular markers attainable for marker-assisted selection of valued traits. This review describes how A. thaliana and two of its natural biotrophic parasites could be seminal as a model for exploring the biogeography and molecular ecology of plant–microbe interactions, and specifically, for testing hypotheses proposed from the geographic mosaic theory of co-evolution

Primary care and the early phases of schizophrenia in the Czech Republic

Aim - To explore knowledge, treatment setting, attitudes and needs associated with patients in early phases of psychosis among general practitioners (GPs) in Prague, andto compare results with GPs from 6 countries participating in the International GP Study (IGPS) on Early Psychosis (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Norway,Austria). Methods - Survey questionnaires were mailed to 648 GPs in the city of Prague. Results - The response rate was 19.9%. Prague GPs showed significantly lower diagnostic knowledge of early phases of psychosis compared to their international colleagues. They frequently indicated depression/anxiety and somatic complaints as early warnings of psychosis. They more often considered their behaviour to be problematic and more commonly handed them over to specialists. The majority of Prague GPs wished specialized outpatient services for low-threshold referrals of such patients. Conclusions - Along the mental health reforms in the Czech Republic which emphasis the role of primary care, GPs' knowledge of the early warning signs of psychosis needs to be improved. Declaration of Interest: The study was supported by an unrestricted grant from Sanofi-Synthélabo SA, Switzerland, to the principal investigators of the IGPS (AES, DU). The authors have stated that there are none; all authors are independent from the funding body and the views expressed in this paper have not been influenced by the funding sourc

Primary care and the early phases of schizophrenia in the Czech Republic

Aim – To explore knowledge, treatment setting, attitudes and needs associated with patients in early phases of psychosis among general practitioners (GPs) in Prague, andto compare results with GPs from 6 countries participating in the International GP Study (IGPS) on Early Psychosis (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Norway,Austria). Methods – Survey questionnaires were mailed to 648 GPs in the city of Prague. Results – The response rate was 19.9%. Prague GPs showed significantly lower diagnostic knowledge of early phases of psychosis compared to their international colleagues. They frequently indicated depression/anxiety and somatic complaints as early warnings of psychosis. They more often considered their behaviour to be problematic and more commonly handed them over to specialists. The majority of Prague GPs wished specialized outpatient services for low-threshold referrals of such patients. Conclusions – Along the mental health reforms in the Czech Republic which emphasis the role of primary care, GPs' knowledge of the early warning signs of psychosis needs to be improved

Lattice relaxation around arsenic and selenium in CdTe

We have investigated the lattice relaxation around impurity atoms at the anion sublattice in CdTe, such as As acting as acceptor and Se which is isovalent to Te, with fluorescence detected EXAFS. We experimentally verify the lattice relaxation with a bond length being reduced by 8% around the As atom as inferred indirectly from ab-initio calculations of the electric field gradient in comparison with the measured value in a PAC experiment (S. Lany et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, R2259 (2000)). In the case of the isovalent impurity atom Se, the bond length is similarly reduced as determined experimentally by EXAFS and by model calculations with the density functional theory implemented in the WIEN97 program. In contrast to this inward relaxation, preliminary calculations for Br in CdTe, the next element in the series As, Se, and Br, which acts as donor at the Te sublattice, indicate an increase in bond length, an interesting prediction waiting for experimental verification

Population genetics of the highly polymorphic RPP8 gene family

Plant nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) genes provide some of the most extreme examples of polymorphism in eukaryotic genomes, rivalling even the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex. Surprisingly, this is also true in Arabidopsis thaliana, a predominantly selfing species with low heterozygosity. Here, we investigate how gene duplication and intergenic exchange contribute to this extraordinary variation. RPP8 is a three-locus system that is configured chromosomally as either a direct-repeat tandem duplication or as a single copy locus, plus a locus 2 Mb distant. We sequenced 48 RPP8 alleles from 37 accessions of A. thaliana and 12 RPP8 alleles from Arabidopsis lyrata to investigate the patterns of interlocus shared variation. The tandem duplicates display fixed differences and share less variation with each other than either shares with the distant paralog. A high level of shared polymorphism among alleles at one of the tandem duplicates, the single-copy locus and the distal locus, must involve both classical crossing over and intergenic gene conversion. Despite these polymorphism-enhancing mechanisms, the observed nucleotide diversity could not be replicated under neutral forward-in-time simulations. Only by adding balancing selection to the simulations do they approach the level of polymorphism observed at RPP8. In this NLR gene triad, genetic architecture, gene function and selection all combine to generate diversity

Погляди психоаналітиків ХХ ст. на структурну модель психіки

Голуб Е.С. Погляди психоаналітиків ХХ ст. на структурну модель психіки / Е.С. Голуб // Актуальні напрями практичної психології і психотерапії : матеріали VIII Міжнар. наук.-практ. конф. молодих вчених, студентів та аспірантів (м. Харків, 16 груд. 2020 р.). - Харків: ХНУВС, 2020. - С. 55 - 58.У тезах аналізуються погляди психоаналітиків на структурну концепцію психіки, запропоновану З. Фрейдом, яка складається з трьох інстанцій – Его, Воно, Супер-Его. Структурування психіки на свідоме та несвідоме є головною підвалиною психоаналізу З. Фрейда і надає можливості не тільки зрозуміти процеси нормального психічного життя людини, але й торкнутися сфери певних відхилень від норми. В тезисах анализируются взгляды психоаналитиков на структурную концепцию психики, предложенную С. Фрейдом, состоящей из трех инстанций – Эго, Оно, Супер-Эго. Структурирование психики на сознательное и бессознательное главное основой психоанализа З. Фрейда и дает возможность не только понять процессы нормальной психической жизни человека, но и затронуть сферу. определенных отклонений от нормы. The theses analyze the views of psychoanalysts on the structural concept psyche, proposed by S. Freud, which consists of three instances - Ego, It is Super-Ego. Structuring the psyche into conscious and unconscious is paramount the basis of Freud's psychoanalysis and provides opportunities not only to understand the processes of normal mental life, but also to touch on the sphere certain deviations from the norm