349 research outputs found
Ranges of Atmospheric Mass and Composition of Super Earth Exoplanets
Terrestrial-like exoplanets may obtain atmospheres from three primary
sources: Capture of nebular gases, degassing during accretion, and degassing
from subsequent tectonic activity. Here we model degassing during accretion to
estimate the range of atmospheric mass and composition on exoplanets ranging
from 1 to 30 Earth masses. We use bulk compositions drawn from primitive and
differentiated meteorite compositions. Degassing alone can create a wide range
of masses of planetary atmospheres, ranging from less than a percent of the
planet's total mass up to ~6 mass% of hydrogen, ~20 mass% of water, and/or ~5
mass% of carbon compounds. Hydrogen-rich atmospheres can be outgassed as a
result of oxidizing metallic iron with water, and excess water and carbon can
produce atmospheres through simple degassing. As a byproduct of our atmospheric
outgassing models we find that modest initial water contents (10 mass% of the
planet and above) create planets with deep surface liquid water oceans soon
after accretion is complete.Comment: ApJ, in press. 32 pages, 6 figure
Coreless Terrestrial Exoplanets
Differentiation in terrestrial planets is expected to include the formation
of a metallic iron core. We predict the existence of terrestrial planets that
have differentiated but have no metallic core--planets that are effectively a
giant silicate mantle. We discuss two paths to forming a coreless terrestrial
planet, whereby the oxidation state during planetary accretion and
solidification will determine the size or existence of any metallic core. Under
this hypothesis, any metallic iron in the bulk accreting material is oxidized
by water, binding the iron in the form of iron oxide into the silicate minerals
of the planetary mantle. The existence of such silicate planets has
consequences for interpreting the compositions and interior density structures
of exoplanets based on their mass and radius measurements.Comment: ApJ, in press. 22 pages, 5 figure
Geodynamics and Rate of Volcanism on Massive Earth-like Planets
We provide estimates of volcanism versus time for planets with Earth-like
composition and masses from 0.25 to 25 times Earth, as a step toward predicting
atmospheric mass on extrasolar rocky planets. Volcanism requires melting of the
silicate mantle. We use a thermal evolution model, calibrated against Earth, in
combination with standard melting models, to explore the dependence of
convection-driven decompression mantle melting on planet mass. Here we show
that (1) volcanism is likely to proceed on massive planets with plate tectonics
over the main-sequence lifetime of the parent star; (2) crustal thickness (and
melting rate normalized to planet mass) is weakly dependent on planet mass; (3)
stagnant lid planets live fast (they have higher rates of melting than their
plate tectonic counterparts early in their thermal evolution) but die young
(melting shuts down after a few Gyr); (4) plate tectonics may not operate on
high mass planets because of the production of buoyant crust which is difficult
to subduct; and (5) melting is necessary but insufficient for efficient
volcanic degassing - volatiles partition into the earliest, deepest melts,
which may be denser than the residue and sink to the base of the mantle on
young, massive planets. Magma must also crystallize at or near the surface, and
the pressure of overlying volatiles must be fairly low, if volatiles are to
reach the surface. If volcanism is detected in the Tau Ceti system, and tidal
forcing can be shown to be weak, this would be evidence for plate tectonics.Comment: Revised version, accepted by Astrophysical Journa
Escape of the martian protoatmosphere and initial water inventory
Latest research in planet formation indicate that Mars formed within a few
million years (Myr) and remained a planetary embryo that never grew to a more
massive planet. It can also be expected from dynamical models, that most of
Mars' building blocks consisted of material that formed in orbital locations
just beyond the ice line which could have contained ~0.1-0.2 wt. % of H2O. By
using these constraints, we estimate the nebula-captured and catastrophically
outgassed volatile contents during the solidification of Mars' magma ocean and
apply a hydrodynamic upper atmosphere model for the study of the soft X-ray and
extreme ultraviolet (XUV) driven thermal escape of the martian protoatmosphere
during the early active epoch of the young Sun. The amount of gas that has been
captured from the protoplanetary disk into the planetary atmosphere is
calculated by solving the hydrostatic structure equations in the protoplanetary
nebula. Depending on nebular properties such as the dust grain depletion
factor, planetesimal accretion rates and luminosities, hydrogen envelopes with
masses >=3x10^{19} g to <=6.5x10^{22} g could have been captured from the
nebula around early Mars. Depending of the before mentioned parameters, due to
the planets low gravity and a solar XUV flux that was ~100 times stronger
compared to the present value, our results indicate that early Mars would have
lost its nebular captured hydrogen envelope after the nebula gas evaporated,
during a fast period of ~0.1-7.5 Myr. After the solidification of early Mars'
magma ocean, catastrophically outgassed volatiles with the amount of ~50-250
bar H2O and ~10-55 bar CO2 could have been lost during ~0.4-12 Myr, if the
impact related energy flux of large planetesimals and small embryos to the
planet's surface lasted long enough, that the steam atmosphere could have been
prevented from condensing. If this was not the case... (continued)Comment: 47 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, submitted to PS
Availability of long-acting and permanent family-planning methods leads to increase in use in conflict-affected northern Uganda: evidence from cross-sectional baseline and endline cluster surveys
Humanitarian assistance standards require specific attention to address the reproductive health (RH) needs of conflict-affected populations. Despite these internationally recognised standards, access to RH services is still often compromised in war. We assessed the effectiveness of our programme in northern Uganda to provide family planning (FP) services through mobile outreach and public health centre strengthening. Baseline (n=905) and endline (n=873) cross-sectional surveys using a multistage cluster sampling design were conducted in the catchment areas of four public health centres in 2007 and 2010. Current use of any modern FP method increased from 7.1% to 22.6% (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.34 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.27â4.92]); current use of long-acting and permanent methods increased from 1.2% to 9.8% (adjusted OR 9.45 [95%CI 3.99â22.39]). The proportion of women with unmet need for FP decreased from 52.1% to 35.7%. This study demonstrates that when comprehensive FP services are provided among conflict-affected populations, women will choose to use them. The combination of mobile teams and health systems strengthening can make a full range of methods quickly available while supporting the health system to continue to provide those services in challenging and resource-constrained settings
A Self-Consistent Model of the Circumstellar Debris Created by a Giant Hypervelocity Impact in the HD172555 System
Spectral modeling of the large infrared excess in the Spitzer IRS spectra of
HD 172555 suggests that there is more than 10^19 kg of sub-micron dust in the
system. Using physical arguments and constraints from observations, we rule out
the possibility of the infrared excess being created by a magma ocean planet or
a circumplanetary disk or torus. We show that the infrared excess is consistent
with a circumstellar debris disk or torus, located at approximately 6 AU, that
was created by a planetary scale hypervelocity impact. We find that radiation
pressure should remove submicron dust from the debris disk in less than one
year. However, the system's mid-infrared photometric flux, dominated by
submicron grains, has been stable within 4 percent over the last 27 years, from
IRAS (1983) to WISE (2010). Our new spectral modeling work and calculations of
the radiation pressure on fine dust in HD 172555 provide a self-consistent
explanation for this apparent contradiction. We also explore the unconfirmed
claim that 10^47 molecules of SiO vapor are needed to explain an emission
feature at 8 um in the Spitzer IRS spectrum of HD 172555. We find that unless
there are 10^48 atoms or 0.05 Earth masses of atomic Si and O vapor in the
system, SiO vapor should be destroyed by photo-dissociation in less than 0.2
years. We argue that a second plausible explanation for the 8 um feature can be
emission from solid SiO, which naturally occurs in submicron silicate "smokes"
created by quickly condensing vaporized silicate.Comment: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journa
Economic costs of chronic disease through lost productive life years (PLYs) among Australians aged 45â64 years from 2015 to 2030:Results from a microsimulation model
Objectives: To project the number of older workers with lost productive life years (PLYs) due to chronic disease and resultant lost income; and lost taxes and increased welfare payments from 2015 to 2030.
Design, setting and participants: Using a microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD2030, the costs of chronic disease in Australians aged 45â64 were projected to 2030. The model integrates household survey data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Surveys of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDACs) 2003 and 2009, output from long-standing microsimulation models (STINMOD (Static Incomes Model) and APPSIM (Australian Population and Policy Simulation Model)) used by various government departments, population and labour force growth data from Treasury, and disease trends data from the Australian Burden of Disease and Injury Study (2003). Respondents aged 45â64â
years in the SDACs 2003 and 2009 formed the base population.
Main outcome measures: Lost PLYs due to chronic disease; resultant lost income, lost taxes and increased welfare payments in 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030.
Results: We projected 380â
000 (6.4%) people aged 45â64â
years with lost PLYs in 2015, increasing to 462â
000 (6.5%) in 2030âa 22% increase in absolute numbers. Those with lost PLYs experience the largest reduction in income than any other group in each year compared to those employed full time without a chronic disease, and this income gap widens over time. The total economic loss due to lost PLYs consisted of lost income modelled at A20.5 billion in 2030âa 62.7% increase. Additional costs to the government consisted of increased welfare payments at A7.3 billion in 2030âa 17.7% increase; and a loss of A4.7 billion in 2030âa growth of 51.6%.
Conclusions: There is a need for greater investment in effective preventive health interventions which improve workersâ health and work capacity.Full Tex
Individual and national financial impacts of informal caring for people with mental illness in Australia, projected to 2030
Background Mental illness has a significant impact not only on patients, but also on their carers\u27 capacity to work. Aims To estimate the costs associated with lost labour force participation due to the provision of informal care for people with mental illness in Australia, such as income loss for carers and lost tax revenue and increased welfare payments for government, from 2015 to 2030. Method The output data of a microsimulation model Care&WorkMOD were analysed to project the financial costs of informal care for people with mental illness, from 2015 to 2030. Care&WorkMOD is a population-representative microsimulation model of the Australian population aged between 15 and 64 years, built using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Surveys of Disability, Ageing and Carers data and the data from other population-representative microsimulation models. Results The total annual national loss of income for all carers due to caring for someone with mental illness was projected to rise from AU645 million (ÂŁ314 million) in 2030 in real terms. For the government, the total annual lost tax revenue was projected to rise from AU170 million (ÂŁ82.8 million) in 2030 and welfare payments to increase from AU220 million (ÂŁ107 million) in 2030. Conclusions The costs associated with lost labour force participation due to the provision of informal care for people with mental illness are projected to increase for both carers and government, with a widening income gap between informal carers and employed non-carers, putting carers at risk of increased inequality
Estimating uncertainty in spatial microsimulation approaches to small area estimation: a new approach to solving an old problem
A wide range of user groups from policy makers to media commentators demand ever more spatially detailed information yet the desired data are often not available at fine spatial scales. Increasingly, small area estimation (SAE) techniques are called upon to fill in these informational gaps by downscaling survey outcome variables of interest based on the relationships seen with key covariate data. In the process SAE techniques both rely extensively on small area Census data to enable their estimation and offer potential future substitute data sources in the event of Census data becoming unavailable. Whilst statistical approaches to SAE routinely incorporate intervals of uncertainty around central point estimates in order to indicate their likely accuracy, the continued absence of such intervals from spatial microsimulation SAE approaches severely limits their utility and arguably represents their key methodological weakness. The present article presents an innovative approach to resolving this key methodological gap based on the estimation of variance of the between-area error term from a multilevel regression specification of the constraint selection for iterative proportional fitting (IPF). The performance of the estimated credible intervals are validated against known Census data at the target small area and show an extremely high level of performance. As well as offering an innovative solution to this long-standing methodological problem, it is hoped more broadly that the research will stimulate the spatial microsimulation community to adopt and build on these foundations so that we can collectively move to a position where intervals of uncertainty are delivered routinely around spatial microsimulation small area point estimates
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