662 research outputs found
Metal nanoparticles with sharp corners: Universal properties of plasmon resonances
We predict the simultaneous occurrence of two fundamental phenomena for metal
nanoparticles possessing sharp corners: First, the main plasmonic dipolar mode
experiences strong red shift with decreasing corner curvature radius; its
resonant frequency is controlled by the apex angle of the corner and the
normalized (to the particle size) corner curvature. Second, the split-off
plasmonic mode experiences strong localization at the corners. Altogether, this
paves the way for tailoring of metal nano-structures providing
wavelength-selective excitation of localized plasmons and a strong near-field
enhancement of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena
Selective excitation of plasmons superlocalized at sharp perturbations of metal nanoparticles
Sharp metal corners and tips support plasmons localized on the scale of the
curvature radius -- superlocalized plasmons. We analyze plasmonic properties of
nanoparticles with small and sharp corner- and tip-shaped surface perturbations
in terms of hybridization of the superlocalized plasmons, which frequencies are
determined by the perturbations shape, and the ordinary plasmons localized on
the whole particle. When the frequency of a superlocalized plasmon gets close
to that of the ordinary plasmon, their strong hybridization occurs and
facilitates excitation of an optical hot-spot near the corresponding
perturbation apex. The particle is then employed as a nano-antenna that
selectively couples the free-space light to the nanoscale vicinity of the apex
providing precise local light enhancement by several orders of magnitude
Investigation of photorefractive subharmonics in the absence of wavemixing
Using a new optical configuration free from the influence of photorefractive optical nonlinearity, we investigate the main characteristics of the spatial subharmonic K/2 excited in a Bi12SiO20 crystal by a light-intensity pattern with wave vector K and frequency O. It is shown that in a large region of intensity and applied electric field the optimum value O of the frequency corresponds to the conditions of parametric excitation of the weakly damped eigenmodes of the medium: the space-charge waves. The threshold and above-threshold characteristics of the subharmonic regime are in good agreement with the theory
Support of Rock Cuts at Washington-Dulles International Airport
Expansions at the Washington-Dulles International Airport since 1999 have required extensive vertical, open-cut rock excavations in Triassic age siltstone bedrock. These excavations have extended to depths of up to approximately 65 ft (20 m) adjacent to existing infrastructure for construction of new below-ground stations for the new Automated People Mover (APM) light rail system. The selection of design support pressures for the rock excavations was an important decision, balancing the projects’ risks and construction costs. At the center of this issue was the development of a geotechnical model of the rock mass and its primary failure mechanism. Thus, a comprehensive subsurface characterization was required. The rock mass characterization included observation and mapping of excavation faces, detailed logging of rock cores, use of optical and acoustic televiewer, testing of discontinuity samples for shear strength evaluation, groundwater monitoring, and inclinometer monitoring of supported faces. The televiewer data, combined with site observations, allowed for a more complete understanding of the engineering characteristics of the bedding plane and joint discontinuities within the siltstone rock mass. Based on the pattern of the predominant discontinuities, it was concluded that bedding planes dipping into the excavation at approximately 30 degrees intersecting near-vertical joints would present the greatest risk for rock cut failures. Extensive laboratory testing and field inspections at a variety of exposed cuts with varying bedding plane and joint orientations suggested that the potential for a large slide along a bedding plane was relatively low. This conclusion was based on observations of discontinuous clay seams of limited number, the first- and second-order roughness of joint and bedding plane surfaces, and the limited persistence of joint and bedding plane discontinuities. Previous design lateral pressures for permanent station walls had been based on an assumed potential failure model of a large, excavation-scale block failure. However, using the recent characterization data, the rock mass failure mechanism of a local joint- and bedding-controlled sliding block mechanism was considered more appropriate. The resulting design lateral pressure necessary to support a rock face using this mechanism and the shear strength of discontinuities and intact rock was significantly lower than the initial design values. Construction-phase observations and monitoring, which included detailed field mapping, automated instrumentation monitoring, and groundwater monitoring, have verified the rock characterization and design assumptions. The reduction in design pressures for the permanent below-grade walls for the APM station structures resulted in major cost savings for the projects now in design and construction. Based on the scale of future expansion plans at Dulles, the projected total cost savings resulting from the reduced design lateral rock pressures will be considerable
Direct current driven by ac electric field in quantum wells
It is shown that the excitation of charge carriers by ac electric field with
zero average driving leads to a direct electric current in quantum well
structures. The current emerges for both linear and circular polarization of
the ac electric field and depends on the field polarization and frequency. We
present a micoscopic model and an analytical theory of such a nonlinear
electron transport in quantum wells with structure inversion asymmetry. In such
systems, dc current is induced by ac electric field which has both the in-plane
and out-of-plane components. The ac field polarized in the interface plane
gives rise to a direct current if the quantum well is subjected to an in-plane
static magnetic field.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Transport and diffusion in the embedding map
We study the transport properties of passive inertial particles in a
incompressible flows. Here the particle dynamics is represented by the
dissipative embedding map of area-preserving standard map which models
the incompressible flow. The system is a model for impurity dynamics in a fluid
and is characterized by two parameters, the inertia parameter , and the
dissipation parameter . We obtain the statistical characterisers of
transport for this system in these dynamical regimes. These are, the recurrence
time statistics, the diffusion constant, and the distribution of jump lengths.
The recurrence time distribution shows a power law tail in the dynamical
regimes where there is preferential concentration of particles in sticky
regions of the phase space, and an exponential decay in mixing regimes. The
diffusion constant shows behaviour of three types - normal, subdiffusive and
superdiffusive, depending on the parameter regimes. Phase diagrams of the
system are constructed to differentiate different types of diffusion behaviour,
as well as the behaviour of the absolute drift. We correlate the dynamical
regimes seen for the system at different parameter values with the transport
properties observed at these regimes, and in the behaviour of the transients.
This system also shows the existence of a crisis and unstable dimension
variability at certain parameter values. The signature of the unstable
dimension variability is seen in the statistical characterisers of transport.
We discuss the implications of our results for realistic systems.Comment: 28 pages, 14 figures, To Appear in Phys. Rev. E; Vol. 79 (2009
The Use of the Concept “Entitlement” in Management Literature: A Historical Review, Synthesis, and Discussion of Compensation Policy Implications
Individuals\u27 perceptions of what they are entitled to have long been regarded as an important area of debate. We examine the various uses of entitlement perceptions across fields to develop a typology that identifies two dimensions: employee entitlement perceptions and reciprocity in the employee–employer relationship. We discuss how our typology informs management practice. In particular, we describe the implications of our typology on employee reactions to different pay plans. Directions for future research are suggested
Eigen modes for the problem of anomalous light transmission through subwavelength holes
We show that the wide-spread concept of optical eigen modes in lossless
waveguide structures, which assumes the separation on propagating and
evanescent modes, fails in the case of metal-dielectric structures, including
photonic crystals. In addition to these modes, there is a sequence of new
eigen-states with complex values of the propagation constant and non-vanishing
circulating energy flow. The whole eigen-problem ceases to be hermitian because
of changing sign of the optical dielectric constant. The new anomalous modes
are shown to be of prime importance for the description of the anomalous light
transmission through subwavelength holes.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
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