POBREZA E SEUS DETERMINANTES NOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS: ABORDAGEM MONETÁRIA, DE PRIVAÇÕES E MULTIDIMENSIONAL

This study aims to measure poverty among Brazilian municipalities, identifying their determinants. For this, three indices were constructed, addressing poverty from the monetary, deprivation and multidimensional conceptions. In the identification of determinants, spatial econometrics was used. As a corollary, there is a spatial concentration of poverty, located mainly in the North and Northeast of Brazil. Among the factors related to the poverty condition of the Brazilian municipalities are gender, labor market, income distribution, economic dynamism, urban-rural dichotomy, social protection and social infrastructure expenditures.Este trabalho tem como objetivo mensurar a pobreza entre os municípios brasileiros, identificando seus fatores determinantes. Para isso, três índices foram construídos, abordando a pobreza a partir das concepções monetária, de privações e multidimensional. Na identificação dos determinantes, utilizou-se a econometria espacial. Como corolário, existe uma concentração espacial da pobreza, localizada sobretudo no Norte e Nordeste brasileiro. Dentre os fatores relacionados à condição de pobreza dos municípios brasileiros tem-se aspectos de gênero, mercado de trabalho, distribuição de renda, dinamismo econômico, dicotomia urbano-rural, proteção social e gastos com infraestrutura social

Geographical and altitudinal distribution of Brachycephalus (Anura:Brachycephalidae) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

Mountains of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest can act as islands of cold and wet climate, leading to the isolation and speciation of species with low dispersal capacity, such as the toadlet species of the genus Brachycephalus. This genus is composed primarily by diurnal species, with miniaturized body sizes (<2.5 cm), inhabiting microhabitats in the leaf litter of montane forests. Still, little is known about the geographical distribution, altitudinal range, and ecological limits of most Brachycephalus species. In this study, we review the available data on the geographical and altitudinal distribution of Brachycephalus based on occurrence records compiled from literature and museums, both for the genus as a whole and separately for the three recently proposed groups of species (ephippium, didactylus, and pernix). The final ensemble dataset comprised 333 records, 120 localities, 28 described species, and six undescribed ones. Species were recorded in six relief units, the richest of which being the Serra do Mar, with 30 species. When the Serra do Mar is subdivided into three subunits, Northern, Central and Southern Serra do Mar, the number of species increase from north to the south, with records of six, nine, and 16 species, respectively. We were able to estimate the extent of occurrence of nearly half of the described species, and the resulting estimates indicate that many of them show remarkably small ranges, some of which less than 50 ha. Brachycephalus species are present from sea level to roughly 1,900 m a.s.l., with the highest richness being found between 751 and 1,000 m a.s.l. (21 spp.). The species with the broadest altitudinal range were B. didactylus (1,075 m) and Brachycephalus sp. 1 (1,035 m), both in the didactylus group, and B. ephippium (1,050 m), of the ephippium group. The broadest altitudinal amplitude for species of the pernix group was recorded for B. brunneus (535 m). The lowest altitudinal records for the pernix group were at 845 m a.s.l. in the state of Paraná and at 455 m a.s.l. in the state of Santa Catarina. The altitudinal occurrence in the pernixspecies group seems to decrease southward. Syntopy between species is also reviewed