The motivating operation and negatively reinforced problem behavior. A systematic review.

The concept of motivational operations exerts an increasing influence on the understanding and assessment of problem behavior in people with intellectual and developmental disability. In this systematic review of 59 methodologically robust studies of the influence of motivational operations in negative reinforcement paradigms in this population, we identify themes related to situational and biological variables that have implications for assessment, intervention, and further research. There is now good evidence that motivational operations of differing origins influence negatively reinforced problem behavior, and that these might be subject to manipulation to facilitate favorable outcomes. There is also good evidence that some biological variables warrant consideration in assessment procedures as they predispose the person's behavior to be influenced by specific motivational operations. The implications for assessment and intervention are made explicit with reference to variables that are open to manipulation or that require further research and conceptualization within causal models

Computational NMR investigation of mixed-metal (Al,Sc)-MIL-53 and its phase transitions

Funding: The authors would like to thank the ERC (Advanced Grant 787073 ADOR) and the Allan Handsel Postgraduate Research Scholarship for Chemistry for studentship funding for ZHD and EALB, respectively. We also acknowledge support from the Collaborative Computational Project on NMR Crystallography (CCP-NC) funded by EPSRC (EP/T026642/1) and from the UK Materials and Molecular Modelling Hub (Young), which is partially funded by EPSRC (EP/T022213/1, EP/W032260/1 and EP/P020194/1) for which access was obtained via the UKCP consortium and funded by EPSRC (EP/P022561/1).Compositionally complex metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have properties that depend on local structure that is often difficult to characterise. In this paper a density functional theory (DFT) computational study of mixed-metal (Al,Sc)-MIL-53, a flexible MOF with several different forms, was used to calculate the relative energetics of these forms and to predict NMR parameters that can be used to evaluate whether solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be used to differentiate, identify and characterise the forms adopted by mixed-metal MOFs of different composition. The NMR parameters can also be correlated with structural features in the different forms, giving fundamental insight into the nature and origin of the interactions that affect nuclear spins. Given the complexity of advanced NMR experiments required, and the potential need for expensive and difficult isotopic enrichment, the computational work is invaluable in predicting which experiments and approaches are likely to give the most information on the disorder, local structure and pore forms of these mixed-metal MOFs.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Explicit radial basis function collocation method for computing shallow water flows

A simple Explicit Radial Basis Function (RBF) is used to solve the shallow water equations (SWEs) for flows over irregular, frictional topography involving wetting and drying. At first we construct the MQ-RBF interpolation corresponding to space derivative operators. Next, we obtain numerical schemes to solve the SWEs, by using the gradient of the interpolant to approximate the spatial derivative of the differential equation and a third-order explicit Runge-Kutta scheme to approximate the temporal derivative of the differential equation. Then, we verify our scheme against several idealized one-dimensional numerical experiments including dam-break and open channel flows over non-uniform beds (involving shock wave behavior), and moving wet-dry fronts over irregular bed topography. Promising results are obtained

Lagrangian modelling of nonlinear viscous waves generated by moving seabed deformation

A Lagrangian flow model is used to investigate highly nonlinear, dispersive waves generated by moving seabed deformation (MSD) of an otherwise horizontal seabed. Applications include free surface wave responses to horizontal co-seismic displacements and to novel bed-driven wave making systems used in surfing competitions. This paper considers gravity waves in viscous liquid, without restrictions on wave steepness, dispersion coefficient, and flow regime. Numerical computations are carried out using a Moving Particle Explicit method, which provides a Lagrangian flow description with far fewer particles than existing meshless methods. We show that the MSD speed has different effects in shallow and intermediate water depths. In shallow water, raising the MSD speed to a transcritical value promotes generation of leading solitary waves as expected. In supercritical flow, the highly nonlinear dynamics promotes breaking of the precursor soliton. In intermediate depth, wave dynamics is dominated by nonlinearity and dispersion, which act concurrently to generate a large leading wave that travels faster than predicted by linear theory, followed by a train of dispersive, short, steep waves. These waves break, even at subcritical values of MSD speed. We show that strongly nonlinear viscous dynamics occurs in the presence of a steep seabed deformation. This triggers flow separation, linked to strong amplification of wave steepness. Finally, we show that an oscillating MSD is capable of generating higher harmonics by means of nonlinear wave–wave interactions. The model is validated and verified by comparison to previously published experimental data and approximate analytical solutions

Large N limit of SO(N) gauge theory of fermions and bosons

In this paper we study the large N_c limit of SO(N_c) gauge theory coupled to a Majorana field and a real scalar field in 1+1 dimensions extending ideas of Rajeev. We show that the phase space of the resulting classical theory of bilinears, which are the mesonic operators of this theory, is OSp_1(H|H )/U(H_+|H_+), where H|H refers to the underlying complex graded space of combined one-particle states of fermions and bosons and H_+|H_+ corresponds to the positive frequency subspace. In the begining to simplify our presentation we discuss in detail the case with Majorana fermions only (the purely bosonic case is treated in our earlier work). In the Majorana fermion case the phase space is given by O_1(H)/U(H_+), where H refers to the complex one-particle states and H_+ to its positive frequency subspace. The meson spectrum in the linear approximation again obeys a variant of the 't Hooft equation. The linear approximation to the boson/fermion coupled case brings an additonal bound state equation for mesons, which consists of one fermion and one boson, again of the same form as the well-known 't Hooft equation.Comment: 27 pages, no figure

Weakly nonlinear theory for dispersive waves generated by moving seabed deformation

We present a weakly nonlinear theory for the evolution of dispersive transient waves generated by moving seabed deformation. Using a perturbation expansion up to second order, we show that higher-order components affect mostly the leading wave and the region close to the deforming seabed. In particular, the leading wave in the nonlinear regime has higher crests and deeper troughs than the known linear solution, while the trough that propagates together with the moving seabed exhibits pulsating behaviour and has larger depth. We also validate the analytical model with experimental data and obtain good agreement between both approaches. Our results suggest a need to extend existing models that neglect the effects of wave dispersion and higher-order components, especially in view of practical applications in engineering and oceanography.</jats:p