La educación en México y el gasto militar

En el presente artículo se abordan los resultados obtenidos por los alumnos mexicanos en el proyecto PISA. Las preguntas de investigación que dieron sentido al mismo fueron: ¿han mejorado los resultados educativos mexicanos del proyecto pisa en el sexenio de Felipe Calderín?, ¿se han implementado métodos de aprendizaje que ayuden a los alumnos a aprender realmente y a manejar operaciones intelectuales superiores como entender, reflexionar y criticar?, ¿qué porcentaje del Producto Interno Bruto representa el gasto en educación?, ¿qué tanto se ha incrementado el gasto militar?ITESO, A.C

Density-Temperature-Softness Scaling of the Dynamics of Glass-forming Soft-sphere Liquids

The principle of dynamic equivalence between soft-sphere and hard-sphere fluids [Phys. Rev. E \textbf{68}, 011405 (2003)] is employed to describe the interplay of the effects of varying the density n, the temperature T, and the softness (characterized by a softness parameter {\nu}^{-1}) on the dynamics of glass-forming soft-sphere liquids in terms of simple scaling rules. The main prediction is that the dynamic parameters of these systems, such as the {\alpha}-relaxation time and the long-time self-diffusion coefficient, depend on n, T, and {\nu} only through the reduced density n^\ast \equiv n{\sigma}^{3}_{HS}(T, {\nu}),where the effective hard-sphere diameter {\sigma}_{HS}(T, {\nu}) is determined, for example, by the Andersen-Weeks-Chandler condition for soft-sphere-hard-sphere structural equivalence. A number of scaling properties observed in recent simulations involving glass-forming fluids with repulsive short range interactions are found to be a direct manifestation of this general dynamic equivalence principle. The self-consistent generalized Langevin equation (SCGLE) theory of colloid dynamics is shown to accurately capture these scaling rule

Contrasting human perceptions of and attitudes towards two threatened small carnivores, Lycalopex fulvipes and Leopardus guigna, in rural communities adjacent to protected areas in Chile

Indexación: Scopus.The interaction between humans and small carnivores is a phenomenon especially frequent in rural fringes, as is the case of communities surrounding natural areas. In Chile, two species of threatened carnivores, the Darwin's Fox and the Guigna, have increased their contact with humans due to human-induced changes in their habitat. The objective of this study was to characterize the interactions of these species with humans by assessing human perceptions and attitudes toward them, and to assess livestock and poultry ownership and management practices in local communities to evaluate their possible roles in the phenomenon. We conducted semi-structured interviews in rural communities adjacent to natural protected areas of two different regions in southern Chile. We found that people have a more positive perception of Darwin's Foxes than Guignas, but both species are considered damaging due to poultry attacks. Livestock and poultry management was generally deficient. Improvements in animal management and education programs could lead to a significant decrease in negative interactions. © Sacristan et al. 2018.https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/4030/442

MODELO DE GESTION DE CALIDAD ACADEMICA PARA LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR. A MODEL FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION

La necesidad manifiesta de formar estudiantes que tengan un alto nivel de desempeño en su vida profesional es un compromiso ineludible de las universidades. Para ello, se debe mejorar continuamente en todos los niveles del proceso educativo, poniendo especial atención a todos los esfuerzos de calidad de sus programas y no solamente fijando un horizonte de acreditación de algunas carreras. Para ello, se requiere de un modelo que no solo se enfoque en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje,  sino que además sea capaz de asegurar la calidad de todos los elementos coadyuvantes que tiene la universidad que tiene la universidad para este fin, sobre la base de un mejoramiento continuo,  y no únicamente dirigidos hacia la acreditación.  Por esto, constantemente se debe auditar el desarrollo y cumplimiento de actividades en todas las etapas del proceso educativo: desde el diseño curricular de las carreras, el desempeño de los procesos de soporte y hasta el desempeño del profesional de los graduados en el mercado laboral. En algunas universidades costarricenses existe una iniciativa latente y manifiesta desde hace varios años por autoevaluar continuamente programas académicos de tal forma que éstos sean exitosos a los ojos de empleadores y estudiantes. En algunas de ellas, los recursos económicos se invierten en aquellas áreas prioritarias detectadas por procesos de autoevaluación.Los esfuerzos de mejoramiento realizados en Costa Rica se han dado en el marco de la autoevaluación de carreras; no obstante, estos esfuerzos no han estado enmarcados dentro de un modelo que visualice e integre todas las actividades de mejoramiento y que se caractericen por un concepto de medición permanente que permita identificar a tiempo todos aquellos incumplimientos o acciones que atenten contra el desarrollo efectivo de una carrera.  Por otro lado, es el deseo que todos los esfuerzos de mejora no solo sean direccionados hacia carreras acreditadas sino que también se realice con todas ellas, en especial, aquellas que requieren de una mejora radical en la mayor parte de las actividades que conforman el propio quehacer universitario.Este artículo presenta un modelo de gestión de calidad académica cuyo principal objetivo es integrar todos los esfuerzos que actualmente realizan las universidades dentro de un esquema cuya finalidad es el mejoramiento continuo de todos los programas que se ofrecen. Esto incluye el análisis y evaluación detallada de los elementos esenciales del quehacer educativo, a saber: estudiantes y graduados, recursos materiales y de infraestructura, curriculum, personal académico, administración, investigación educativa y proyección universitaria.  El modelo realiza una calificación cuantitativa de las actividades actuales sobre las que se pueden planificar acciones de mejora usando hojas de cálculo y a través de un perfil de calidad asociado al resultado de la evaluación se establecen las áreas de oportunidad que se serán objeto de las acciones correctivas y preventivas de mejora.Palabras clave: acciones correctivas, acciones de mejora, acciones preventivas, acreditación, auditoria, autoevaluación, ciclo Deming, clientes externos, clientes internos, EFQM, estándares, excelencia, gestión de calidad académica, indicadores, mejora continua, modelo de calidad, normas, perfil de calidad, políticas, seis sigma, SINAES.AbstractThe clear need to prepare professionals who will have a high level of performance in their professional life is an unavoidable commitment of every university. To do this, it is imperative to  continuously improve at all levels of the educational process, paying particular attention to all the efforts of a program quality and not just setting a horizon for accreditation of some careers. To do this, we need a model that not only focus on teaching and learning processes but also be able of ensuring the quality of all university support processes on the basis of continuous improvement and not just thinking about accreditation. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly look at audits and compliance activities in all stages of education from the curriculum design towards the professional performance of graduates in the field.In Costa Rica, for some universities, there is a latent and manifest initiative for several years to continually self-assess their academic programs so that they are successful at the eyes of employers and students. For some of them, all economic resources are invested in priority areas identified by self-evaluation processes.The improvement efforts, made in Costa Rica, includes self-assessment exercises in some cases; however, efforts have not been framed within a model to visualize and integrate all improvement activities and which must be characterized by a concept of measurement continuous-time in order  to identify all those weaknesses that threaten the effective development of the career. On the other hand, it is the desire that all improvement efforts are directed not only to accredited programs but also to all careers, especially those requiring a radical improvement in most of the activities which are part of the university work.This paper deals with a model of academic quality management whose main objective is to integrate all the current efforts of universities in a scheme aimed at continuous improvement of all programs offered. This includes detailed analysis and evaluation of the essential elements of educational work, namely students and graduates, material resources and infrastructure, curriculum, faculty, administration, research and social responsibility. The model makes quantitative rating of current activities on which improvement actions can be planned using spreadsheets and through a quality profile associated with the result of the evaluation setting out areas of opportunity that will be subject to improvement and preventive actions.Keywords: accreditation, audits, corrective actions, Deming cycle, EFQM, excellence, external clients, improvement, improvement actions, internal clients, norms, policies, preventive actions, academic quality management, quality metrics, quality model, quality profile, self-assessment, SINAES, six sigma, standards

Adquisición y Demostración de Relaciones Jerárquicas en Niños.

11 Páginas :Gráficas.El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un entrenamiento basado en ejemplares múltiples sobre la adquisición y demostración de relaciones jerárquicas bajo la teoría de los marcos relacionales (TMR). En esta investigación se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental sin grupo control, en 10 niños de 9 a 11 años de edad. Se encontró una diferencia del 40% en el promedio de respuestas correctas entre el pre-test y post-test de las relaciones de incluye y diferente. Este fue un estudio pionero y una aproximación al establecimiento y comprensión de relaciones jerárquicas en población infantil.Trabajo de práctica investigativaPsicologoPregrad

Aristonectes quiriquinensis, sp. nov., a new highly derived elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile

This paper describes a new species of elasmosaurid plesiosaur, Aristonectes quiriquinensis, sp. nov., based on a partial skeleton recovered from upper Maastrichtian beds of the Quiriquina Formation of central Chile. The material described here consists of two skeletons, one collected near the village of Cocholgue, and a second juvenile specimen from Quiriquina Island. Prior to these finds, Aristonectes was viewed as a monospecific genus, including only the enigmatic Aristonectes parvidens, the holotype of which consists of an incomplete skull and incomplete postcranium. Other material referred to the genus includes an incomplete juvenile skull and other postcranial material from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica, as well as a partial skull from the Quiriquina Formation of central Chile. The relationships of Aristonectes have been controversial, with competing theories assigning the genus to Cryptoclididae, Elasmosauridae, and Aristonectidae; however, there is a developing consensus that Aristonectes is a derived elasmosaurid, and this paper gives strong evidence for this view. Comparison of the specimen here studied with the holotype of A. parvidens demonstrates that A. quiriquinensis is a distinct species. The completeness of the adult skeleton allows the first confident size estimates for adult Aristonectes. It is a large plesiosaurian with a relatively large skull with numerous homodont teeth, a moderately long and laterally compressed neck, and relatively narrow trunk, with slender and elongate forelimbs. The two specimens are restricted to the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile, posing questions concerning the austral circumpolar distribution of different elasmosaurids towards the end of the Cretaceous.Fil: Otero, Rodrigo A.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Soto Acuña, Sergio. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Santiago; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: O'Keefe, Frank Robin. Marshall University; Estados UnidosFil: O'gorman, Jose Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang. Heidelberg University; AlemaniaFil: Suárez, Mario E.. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Santiago; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Rubilar-Rogers, David. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Santiago; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Salazar, Christian. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Santiago; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Quinzio Sinn, Luis Arturo. Universidad de Concepción; Chil

Cost utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitoring for the management of children asthma

Introduction Fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a simple, non-invasive measurement of airway inflammation with minimal discomfort to the patient and with results available within a few minutes. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of asthma management using fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitoring in patients between 4 and 18 years of age. Methods A Markov model was used to estimate the cost-utility of asthma management using fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitoring versus asthma management without using fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitoring (standard therapy) in patients between 4 and 18 years of age. Cost data were obtained from a retrospective study on asthma from a tertiary center, in Medellin, Colombia, while probabilities of the Markov model and utilities were obtained from the systematic review of published randomized clinical trials. The analysis was carried out from a societal perspective. Results The model showed that fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitoring was associated with a lower total cost than standard therapy (US $1333 vs. US$1452 average cost per patient) and higher QALYs (0.93 vs. 0.92 average per patient). The probability that fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitoring provides a more cost-effective use of resources compared with standard therapy exceeds 99% for all willingness-to-pay thresholds. Conclusion Asthma management using fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitoring was cost-effective for treating patients between 4 and 18 years of age with mild to moderate allergic asthma. Our study suggests evidence that could be used by decision-makers to improve clinical practice guidelines, but this should be replicated in different clinical settings

Gender differences in delay time for acute myocardial infarction in a Hispanic population

Introduction: There are limited published data on minority populations, especially Hispanics, describing the onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) symptoms and time to treatment. The aim of this study is to determine if a difference exists between gender and delay time in Puerto Rican patients hospitalized with an initial acute myocardial infarction

Influence of hydrodynamics on many-particle diffusion in 2D colloidal suspensions

We study many-particle diffusion in 2D colloidal suspensions with full hydrodynamic interactions through a novel mesoscopic simulation technique. We focus on the behaviour of the effective scaled tracer and collective diffusion coefficients $D_T(\rho) / D_0$ and $D_C(\rho) / D_0$, where $D_0$ is the single-particle diffusion coefficient, as a function of the density of the colloids $\rho$. At low Schmidt numbers $Sc={\cal O}(1)$, we find that hydrodynamics has essentially no effect on the behaviour of $D_T(\rho)/D_0$. At larger $Sc$, $D_T(\rho)/D_0$ is enhanced at all densities, although the differences compared to the case without hydrodynamics are minor. The collective diffusion coefficient, on the other hand, is much more strongly coupled to hydrodynamical conservation laws and is distinctly different from the purely dissipative case