112 research outputs found
Half-Skyrmions and Spike-Vortex Solutions of Two-Component Nonlinear Schrodinger Systems
Recently, skyrmions with integer topological charges have been observed
numerically but have not yet been shown rigorously on two-component systems of
nonlinear Schrodinger equations (NLSE) describing a binary mixture of
Bose-Einstein condensates. Besides, half-skyrmions characterized by
half-integer topological charges can also be found in the nonlinear sigma model
which is a model of the Bose-Einstein condensate of the Schwinger bosons. Here
we prove rigorously the existence of half-skyrmions which may come from a new
type of soliton solutions called spike-vortex solutions of two-component
systems of NLSE on the entire plane. These spike-vortex solutions having spikes
in one component and a vortex in the other component may form half-skyrmions.
By Liapunov-Schmidt reduction process, we may find spike-vortex solutions of
two-component systems of NLSE.Comment: to appear in J.Math.Phy
Stability of spikes in the shadow Gierer-Meinhardt system with Robin boundary conditions
We consider the shadow system of the Gierer-Meinhardt system in a smooth bounded domain RN,At=2AâA+,x, t>0, ||t=â||+Ardx, t>0 with the Robin boundary condition +aAA=0, x, where aA>0, the reaction rates (p,q,r,s) satisfy 1<p<()+, q>0, r>0, s0, 1<<+, the diffusion constant is chosen such that 1, and the time relaxation constant is such that 0. We rigorously prove the following results on the stability of one-spike solutions: (i) If r=2 and 1<p<1+4/N or if r=p+1 and 1<p<, then for aA>1 and sufficiently small the interior spike is stable. (ii) For N=1 if r=2 and 1<p3 or if r=p+1 and 1<p<, then for 0<aA<1 the near-boundary spike is stable. (iii) For N=1 if 3<p<5 and r=2, then there exist a0(0,1) and ”0>1 such that for a(a0,1) and ”=2q/(s+1)(pâ1)(1,”0) the near-boundary spike solution is unstable. This instability is not present for the Neumann boundary condition but only arises for the Robin boundary condition. Furthermore, we show that the corresponding eigenvalue is of order O(1) as 0. ©2007 American Institute of Physic
A nonlocal eigenvalue problem and the stability of spikes for reaction-diffusion systems with fractional reaction rates
We consider a nonlocal eigenvalue problem which arises in the study of stability of spike solutions for reaction-diffusion systems with
fractional reaction rates such as the Sel'kov model, the
Gray-Scott system, the hypercycle Eigen and Schuster, angiogenesis, and the generalized Gierer-Meinhardt
system.
We give some sufficient and explicit conditions for stability
by studying the corresponding nonlocal eigenvalue problem in a new
range of parameters
High glucose inhibits osteogenic differentiation through the BMP signaling pathway in bone mesenchymal stem cells in mice
Patients with diabetes tend to have an increased risk of osteoporosis that may be related to hyperglycemia. In vitro evidence has shown that high glucose can affect the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Tissue regeneration depends mainly on MSCs. However, the exact mechanisms involved in high glucoseâinduced bone loss remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of high glucose on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mice bone MSCs (BMSCs) and determined the specific mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in the osteogenic differentiation of mice BMSCs in a high-glucose microenvironment. High glucose (< 25 mM) promoted cell growth but suppressed mineralization. The intracellular BMP-2 level in BMSCs cultured in a high-glucose microenvironment was significantly decreased and suppressed activation of the BMP signaling pathway. Consequently, expression
of the osteogenic markers Runx2, alkaline
phosphatase, and osteocalcin were decreased. Meanwhile, supplementation with ectogenic
BMP-2 reversed the cell osteogenic differentiation and osteogenic marker down-regulation under high glucose. Our data indicate that BMP-2 plays an important role in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in a high-glucose microenvironment. Thus, it is possible that agents modifying this pathway could be used by BMSCs to promote bone regeneration in high-glucose microenvironments
iPTF13beo: The Double-Peaked Light Curve of a Type Ibn Supernova Discovered Shortly after Explosion
We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type Ibn
(SN 2006jc-like) supernova iPTF13beo. Detected by the intermediate Palomar
Transient Factory ~3 hours after the estimated first light, iPTF13beo is the
youngest and the most distant (~430 Mpc) Type Ibn event ever observed. The
iPTF13beo light curve is consistent with light curves of other Type Ibn SNe and
with light curves of fast Type Ic events, but with a slightly faster rise-time
of two days. In addition, the iPTF13beo R-band light curve exhibits a
double-peak structure separated by ~9 days, not observed before in any Type Ibn
SN. A low-resolution spectrum taken during the iPTF13beo rising stage is
featureless, while a late-time spectrum obtained during the declining stage
exhibits narrow and intermediate-width He I and Si II features with FWHM ~
2000-5000 km/s and is remarkably similar to the prototypical SN Ibn 2006jc
spectrum. We suggest that our observations support a model of a massive star
exploding in a dense He-rich circumstellar medium (CSM). A shock breakout in a
CSM model requires an eruption releasing a total mass of ~0.1 Msun over a time
scale of couple of weeks prior to the SN explosion.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, submitted to MNRA
Symbiotic Bright Solitary Wave Solutions of Coupled Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations
Conventionally, bright solitary wave solutions can be obtained in
self-focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equations with attractive self-interaction.
However, when self-interaction becomes repulsive, it seems impossible to have
bright solitary wave solution. Here we show that there exists symbiotic bright
solitary wave solution of coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations with
repulsive self-interaction but strongly attractive interspecies interaction.
For such coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations in two and three dimensional
domains, we prove the existence of least energy solutions and study the
location and configuration of symbiotic bright solitons. We use Nehari's
manifold to construct least energy solutions and derive their asymptotic
behaviors by some techniques of singular perturbation problems.Comment: to appear in Nonlinearit
Constraining Type Ia supernova models: SN 2011fe as a test case
The nearby supernova SN 2011fe can be observed in unprecedented detail.
Therefore, it is an important test case for Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) models,
which may bring us closer to understanding the physical nature of these
objects. Here, we explore how available and expected future observations of SN
2011fe can be used to constrain SN Ia explosion scenarios. We base our
discussion on three-dimensional simulations of a delayed detonation in a
Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf and of a violent merger of two white
dwarfs-realizations of explosion models appropriate for two of the most
widely-discussed progenitor channels that may give rise to SNe Ia. Although
both models have their shortcomings in reproducing details of the early and
near-maximum spectra of SN 2011fe obtained by the Nearby Supernova Factory
(SNfactory), the overall match with the observations is reasonable. The level
of agreement is slightly better for the merger, in particular around maximum,
but a clear preference for one model over the other is still not justified.
Observations at late epochs, however, hold promise for discriminating the
explosion scenarios in a straightforward way, as a nucleosynthesis effect leads
to differences in the 55Co production. SN 2011fe is close enough to be followed
sufficiently long to study this effect.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letter
Expected resolution limits of x-ray free-electron laser single-particle imaging for realistic source and detector properties
The unprecedented intensity of x-ray free-electron laser sources has enabled single-particle x-ray diffraction imaging (SPI) of various biological specimens in both two-dimensional projection and three dimensions (3D). The potential of studying protein dynamics in their native conditions, without crystallization or chemical staining, has encouraged researchers to aim for increasingly higher resolutions with this technique. The currently achievable resolution of SPI is limited to the sub-10 nanometer range, mainly due to background effects, such as instrumental noise and parasitic scattering from the carrier gas used for sample delivery. Recent theoretical studies have quantified the effects of x-ray pulse parameters, as well as the required number of diffraction patterns to achieve a certain resolution, in a 3D reconstruction, although the effects of detector noise and the random particle orientation in each diffraction snapshot were not taken into account. In this work, we show these shortcomings and address limitations on achievable image resolution imposed by the adaptive gain integrating pixel detector noise
Classification and nondegeneracy of Toda system with singular sources
We consider the following Toda system \Delta u_i + \D \sum_{j = 1}^n
a_{ij}e^{u_j} = 4\pi\gamma_{i}\delta_{0} \text{in}\mathbb R^2, \int_{\mathbb
R^2}e^{u_i} dx -1\delta_0a_{ij}\gamma_i=0\forall \;1\leq i\leq n\gamma_i+\gamma_{i+1}+...+\gamma_j \notin \mathbb Z1\leq i\leq
j\leq nu_i$ is \textit{radially symmetric} w.r.t. 0.
(iii) We prove that the linearized equation at any solution is
\textit{non-degenerate}. These are fundamental results in order to understand
the bubbling behavior of the Toda system.Comment: 28 page
The link between SARS-CoV-2 related microglial reactivity and astrocyte pathology in the inferior olivary nucleus
The pathological involvement of the central nervous system in SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) patients is established. The burden of pathology is most pronounced in the brain stem including the medulla oblongata. Hypoxic/ischemic damage is the most frequent neuropathologic abnormality. Other neuropathologic features include neuronophagia, microglial nodules, and hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases: astrogliosis and microglial reactivity. It is still unknown if these pathologies are secondary to hypoxia versus a combination of inflammatory response combined with hypoxia. It is also unknown how astrocytes react to neuroinflammation in COVID-19, especially considering evidence supporting the neurotoxicity of certain astrocytic phenotypes. This study aims to define the link between astrocytic and microglial pathology in COVID-19 victims in the inferior olivary nucleus, which is one of the most severely affected brain regions in COVID-19, and establish whether COVID-19 pathology is driven by hypoxic damage. Here, we conducted neuropathologic assessments and multiplex-immunofluorescence studies on the medulla oblongata of 18 COVID-19, 10 pre-pandemic patients who died of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and 7â8 control patients with no ARDS or COVID-19. The comparison of ARDS and COVID-19 allows us to identify whether the pathology in COVID-19 can be explained by hypoxia alone, which is common to both conditions. Our results showed increased olivary astrogliosis in ARDS and COVID-19. However, microglial density and microglial reactivity were increased only in COVID-19, in a region-specific manner. Also, olivary hilar astrocytes increased YKL-40 (CHI3L1) in COVID-19, but to a lesser extent than ARDS astrocytes. COVID-19 astrocytes also showed lower levels of Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and Metallothionein-3 in subsets of COVID-19 brain regions. Cluster analysis on immunohistochemical attributes of astrocytes and microglia identified ARDS and COVID-19 clusters with correlations to clinical history and disease course. Our results indicate that olivary glial pathology and neuroinflammation in the COVID-19 cannot be explained solely by hypoxia and suggest that failure of astrocytes to upregulate the anti-inflammatory YKL-40 may contribute to the neuroinflammation. Notwithstanding the limitations of retrospective studies in establishing causality, our experimental design cannot adequately control for factors external to our design. Perturbative studies are needed to confirm the role of the above-described astrocytic phenotypes in neuroinflammation
- âŠ