The living anatomy of the digestive tract of the goat: a radiological study of the postnatal changes

The anatomy and motor activities of the digestive organs were studied in fifty-two goatsy aged between sixty hours and fourteen months. The animals were hand-reared and although provided with access to solid fodder from the first, continued to be fed a limited amount of milk beyond the usual time of weaning. The abdomen was dissected in ten animals embalmed in the standing position but, this apart, radiological methods were employed• In addition to single films, the movements were studied fluoroscoplcally and by serial radiography, gr at reliance being placed upon the latter as sup:lying an objective record. A number of cinefluoroscopic sequences were also obtained.The radiological anatomy and the post-natal changes in tocography are described and the details cannot conv niently be summarised. Development is rapid especially in the first six weeks and a virtually adult condition is reached by three months or thereabouts. The following are the principal observations on mechanics.On deglutition, fluids may be temporarily arrested at three points en route to the stomach and may pass to and fro in the thorax before passing the cardia.The rumen and reticulum develop rapidly after birth, especially between the second and sixth weeks. Both are active from the first weeks and an adult pattern of behaviour a pears soon after the sixth week. The ruminoreticular activity never acquires great regularity and, in addition to the twostage reticular and the two- or four-stage ruminal cycles commonly described, shows additional independent contractions of the major and blind sacs.Growth of the omasum is retarded until considerable amounts of solid fodder are consumed. Its main activity is co-ordinated with reticular contraction when the upper pole dilates and fills: later this part contracts and the expulsion of food is assisted by constriction of the middle and distal sections. Alternating contractions and relaxations occur at other times also.The abomasum determines the abdominal topography at birth but soon decreases in relative size. Its parts and activities resemble those of the simple stomach and both uninterrupted peristalsis and antral systole occur: the latter is regarded as a modification of the former and predominates during the first six weeks or so: later the movements are almost exclusively peristaltic. Activity is greatest between the second and sixth week.The duodenal bulb exhibits systolic and other less clearly defined contractions. The remainder of the small intestine shows peristaltic, segmental and other activities In complex combination. Peristalsis predominates in the proximal, more active, part and gradually gives way to segmental activities when the intestine is traced dietally.The large bowel continues the gradient of activity. The caecum and colon show peristaltic and (proximally) antiperistaltic contractions in addition to several types of segmental contraction.The results as a whole emphasise the precocious development of adult topography and behaviour and demonstrate the close integration of structure and function. It is suggested that the exclusive study of the dead animal leads to a misconception of the essential nature of visceral anatomy

Implications of Cost Sharing Policy on Access and Persistence in Secondary Education System: A Case of Chiradzulu District in Malawi

This study investigated the impact of cost sharing policy on access and persistence of students in secondary school system in Chiradzulu district in Malawi. The policy was implemented in 2001. The impact of the policy on families\u27 financial budgets was investigated. The study also explored the views of secondary school head teachers and parents regarding the new secondary school fees that resulted from the implementation of the policy. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. Secondary school head teacher questionnaire was administered in 15 secondary schools, 14 questionnaires were collected, representing a return rate of 93.3%. Household survey questionnaire was administered in all the 84 households that were sampled, representing a 100% return rate. Literature records that raising school fees reduces the degree of equality of educational opportunities favoring the rich and increases dropout rate especially among the poor. High cost of secondary education affects particularly girls more than boys The poor disinvest in physical assets in order to pay school fees. This study has found out that non-reporting and dropout rates increased following the implementation of the cost sharing policy. The observed increase in the rates of non­reporting and dropout might be due to the rise in secondary school fees as a result of the policy. However the severe famine that started in 2000 might have also contributed to the high non-reporting and dropout rates. The study has also shown that the cost of secondary education was not affordable to an average parent. An average household had to spend 20% of its total annual income paying one child at a day secondary school and 3 7% of the annual income if the child was at a boarding secondary school. Secondary school head teachers in boarding schools feel that the policy has helped to ease the financial problems they used to have before the implementation of the policy. But head teachers in day secondary schools feel that the school fees are very high, they should be reduced to a manageable level. Almost all the parents feel that the secondary school fees are very high and pleaded that they should be reduced to a level that majority of the in the rural areas can afford

Magical Regionalism: Canadian Geography on Screen in the 1950s

Using geography and environmental history to analyze children's film in 1950s-Canada, this paper examines regionalism in a popular National Film Board of Canada series

Receipt, 24 December 1870

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aldrichdocs/1420/thumbnail.jp

Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program: Using remote sensing for GBR-wide water quality. Final report for 2012/13 activities

This report delivers management relevant information of flood events and inshore water quality compliance based on tailored temporal and spatial analysis of remote sensing data, carried out by CSIRO as part of the Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program (MMP) from 2005 to 2013

Research in Brief - Pushing Education: Parental Engagement, Educational Aspirations and College Access

This qualitative study explores the counterstories of educational engagement experiences for five parents who have a high school student in a college access program that is designed for students with a financial need and/or no family history of college. This study uses the ecologies of parental engagement (EPE) framework to explore family engagement in traditional academic settings but also nonacademic settings. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and one focus group. Their counterstories challenge the notion that parents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and/or no to little family history of college are disinterested or disengaged in their student’s education. The data reveal that the family members are highly engaged in their student’s educational experiences in academic settings, nonacademic settings (home, community organizations, and neighborhoods), and in the college access program. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the college access program serves as an alternative space for family engagement

Pushing Education: Parental Engagement, Educational Aspirations and College Access

This qualitative study explores the counterstories of educational engagement experiences for five parents who have a high school student in a college access program that is designed for students with a financial need and/or no family history of college. This study uses the ecologies of parental engagement (EPE) framework to explore family engagement in traditional academic settings but also nonacademic settings. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and one focus group. Their counterstories challenge the notion that parents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and/or no to little family history of college are disinterested or disengaged in their student’s education. The data reveal that the family members are highly engaged in their student’s educational experiences in academic settings, nonacademic settings (home, community organizations, and neighborhoods), and in the college access program. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the college access program serves as an alternative space for family engagement

Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs

Fifty dogs were managed medically and 46 dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that underwent surgery were significantly younger than dogs that received medical management. No other variables, related to clinical presentation, were significantly different between both groups of dogs. The median follow-up time was 16 months (1–90 months) in the medically treated and 23 months (1–94 months) in the surgically treated group. Of the 38 dogs treated surgically with available long-term follow-up, 82% (n = 31) improved, 3% (n = 1) remained stable and 16% (n = 6) deteriorated after surgery. Of the 37 dogs treated medically with available long-term follow-up, 30% (n = 11) improved, 30% (n = 11) remained stable, and 40% (n = 15) deteriorated. Surgical treatment was more often associated with clinical improvement compared to medical management (P = .0002)