CZESŁAWA ZNAMIEROWSKIEGO KONCEPCJA WŁADZY JAKO ŁĄCZNEGO STANOWIENIA NORM

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie związku między stanowieniem norm a władzą w świetle koncepcji stanowienia łącznego. Stanowienie łączne w ujęciu Czesława Znamierowskiego skutkuje powstaniem nieindywidualnych norm generalnego zakazu. Zaproponowane zostaną trzy interpretacje tego, czym są takie normy. Interpretacje te posłużą uwypukleniu właściwości stanowienia łącznego oraz wyjaśnią, dlaczego stanowienie łączne ułatwia zrozumienie władzy. Na zakończenie przedstawione zostanie ujęcie władzy jako stosunku między partnerami stanowienia łącznego z krótką refleksją na temat jego przydatności

Tracing the Role of Foresight on the Effects of U.S. Tax Policy: Evidence from a Time-Varying SVAR

Recent empirical research emphasizes the importance of foresight for tax policy analyses. According to Leeper et al. (2013a), failing to model foresight adequately can lead to biased inference in empirical models. The authors reveal this bias by augmenting the SVAR model of Blanchard and Perotti (2002) with a measure for tax foresight. I extend this finding by transforming their model into a time-varying SVAR with stochastic volatility. This approach allows to study the time-variations of tax foresight, and resulting effects on tax policy shocks over time. Two findings stand out: First, both anticipated and unanticipated tax shocks show considerable movements over time. The magnitude of these shocks suggests that some tax reforms are more anticipated than others. Second, I find that the bias in the tax shocks is more pronounced during the 1980s and 1990s, suggesting that tax reforms in these decades were to a higher degree anticipated than in the 1960s and 1970s. The results compare well to other studies and find support in anecdotal evidence on documented U.S. tax reforms

Próba interpretacji koncepcji prawa globalnego

The authors reconstruct the key elements of the conception of global law proposed by Rafael Domingo, a world-recognised Spanish Roman law specialist, offer its interpretation, as well as recommend application of that law in the creation of a conception of material sources of law. The starting point for the discussion on the above is a critical assessment of subject-reductionism in public international law, and the principles of territoriality and sovereignty in particular. The authors argue that overcoming the current regulatory and academic crisis in international law will not be possible unless its existing paradigm is changed. Anthroparchy – a term coined by the authors – should become a constructive element of the new paradigm, meaning that a person with its intrinsic dignity and equality should be put in place of the state’s sovereignty. The characteristics of such person, relevant for the axiological conditioning of the legal system, is then proposed, introducing to the legal deliberations an interdisciplinary approach to philosophical anthropology. The presented conception belongs to non-positivism in law, and its explanatory force concerns questions of law’s teleology and autonomy with regard to state.Autorzy rekonstruują podstawowe elementy koncepcji prawa globalnego zaproponowanej przez Rafaela Dominga, światowej sławy hiszpańskiego romanistę, oraz proponują jej interpretację i wykorzystanie do stworzenia koncepcji materialnych źródeł prawa. Punktem wyjścia tej koncepcji jest krytyka faktu, że w dominującym nurcie nauki prawa międzynarodowego publicznego zagadnienia dotyczące podmiotowości zredukowane są niemal wyłącznie do państw. Ten redukcjonizm wspiera się w szczególności na zasadach terytorialności i suwerenności. Autorzy twierdzą, że przezwyciężenie aktualnego kryzysu regulacyjnego, związanego z procesami globalizacji oraz zaradzenie niedostatkom nauki prawa międzynarodowego publicznego nie jest możliwe bez zmiany dotychczasowego paradygmatu. Konstytutywnym elementem nowego paradygmatu powinna być antropoarchiczność, czyli postawienie osoby z jej wrodzoną i równą godnością w miejsce suwerenności państwa. Autorzy dokonują typologii cech osoby, relewantnych jako aksjologiczne uwarunkowania systemu prawnego. Wprowadzają tym samym do rozważań prawnych ujęcie interdyscyplinarne z zakresu antropologii filozoficznej. Przedstawiona koncepcja sytuuje się w kręgu non-pozytywizmu, a jej szczególna wartość wyjaśniająca odnosi się do zagadnienia celowości prawa oraz jego autonomii względem państwa

Wirtschaftliche und soziale Determinanten der Arbeitszeitpolitik : zur Geschichte des Kampfes um die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit

"Der Aufsatz stellt die Entwicklung der Arbeitszeit sowie die sozialpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen um die Arbeitszeitfrage in Deutschland in der Zeit vor dem ersten Weltkrieg, in der Weimarer Republik und in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren in der Bundesrepublik dar. Die Entwicklung der Tages- und Wochenarbeitszeit wird sowohl unter dem Gesichtspunkt ihrer allgemeinen Veränderung als auch ihrer Differenzierung nach Branchen und Beschäftigungsgruppen skizziert, wobei das lückenhafte statistische Material allerdings häufig nur annähernde Angaben zuläßt. Darüber hinaus wird die Entstehung von Urlaubsregelungen behandelt. ... Die Auseinandersetzungen um die Arbeitszeitfrage werden von ihren wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Hintergründen in den einzelnen historischen Perioden her dargestellt. Für die Zeit vor dem ersten Weltkrieg wird dabei insbesondere auf die Bedeutung der Arbeitszeitfrage für die Entfaltung der Gewerkschaftsbewegung und auf die Zusammenhänge zwischen Qualifikation, Mechanisierung und Arbeitszeitverkürzung eingegangen. In der Darstellung der Auseinandersetzungen um den Acht-Stunden-Tag während der Weimarer Republik wird versucht, die Ursachen der Politisierung der Arbeitszeitfrage in dieser Periode herauszuarbeiten. Im Gegensatz dazu führten die tariflichen Arbeitszeitverkürzungen in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren in der Bundesrepublik kaum zu größeren Konflikten, was von den wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen und der spezifischen sozialen Interessenlage der Arbeitnehmer in dieser Zeit her erklärt werden kann." (Autorenreferat)Arbeitszeitpolitik - Determinanten, Arbeitszeitverkürzung, Arbeitszeitentwicklung, Arbeitszeit - historische Entwicklung, Deutsches Reich, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Thermometers for low temperature Magic Angle Spinning NMR

The measurement of temperature in a Magic Angle Spinning NMR probe in the temperature range 85-300 K is discussed. It is shown that the shift of the Sn-119 resonance of Sm2Sn2O7 makes a good thermometer with shift being given by delta = 223 - 9.54 x 10(4)/T ppm and a potential precision of better than 0.5 K over the entire temperature range. The sensitivity is such (e.g. 4.2 ppm/K at 150 K) that small temperature gradients across the sample can readily be measured. Furthermore, since the spin-lattice relaxation time is very short, measurements can be made in similar to 1 s enabling relatively rapid temperature changes to be followed. Values for the chemical shift of Pb-207 in Pb(NO3)(2) down to similar to 85 K are also presented. Although the Pb-207 shift variation is approximately linear near room temperature (we find a slope 0.725 +/- 0.002 ppm/K over the range 293-153 K), it clearly deviates from linearity below similar to 130 K

A combined NMR and DFT study of Narrow Gap Semiconductors: The case of PbTe

In this study we present an alternative approach to separating contributions to the NMR shift originating from the Knight shift and chemical shielding by a combination of experimental solid-state NMR results and ab initio calculations. The chemical and Knight shifts are normally distinguished through detailed studies of the resonance frequency as function of temperature and carrier concentration, followed by extrapolation of the shift to zero carrier concentration. This approach is time-consuming and requires studies of multiple samples. Here, we analyzed $^{207}$Pb and $^{125}$Te NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates and NMR shifts for bulk and nanoscale PbTe. The shifts are compared with calculations of the $^{207}$Pb and $^{125}$Te chemical shift resonances to determine the chemical shift at zero charge carrier concentration. The results are in good agreement with literature values from carrier concentration-dependent studies. The measurements are also compared to literature reports of the $^{207}$Pb and $^{125}$Te Knight shifts of $n$- and $p$-type PbTe semiconductors. The literature data have been converted to the currently accepted shift scale. We also provide possible evidence for the "self-cleaning effect" property of PbTe nanocrystals whereby defects are removed from the core of the particles, while preserving the crystal structure.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figure

Nested sampling for Bayesian model comparison in the context of Salmonella disease dynamics.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the observed dynamics of complex biological systems requires the statistical assessment and comparison of multiple alternative models. Although this has traditionally been done using maximum likelihood-based methods such as Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian methods have gained in popularity because they provide more informative output in the form of posterior probability distributions. However, comparison between multiple models in a Bayesian framework is made difficult by the computational cost of numerical integration over large parameter spaces. A new, efficient method for the computation of posterior probabilities has recently been proposed and applied to complex problems from the physical sciences. Here we demonstrate how nested sampling can be used for inference and model comparison in biological sciences. We present a reanalysis of data from experimental infection of mice with Salmonella enterica showing the distribution of bacteria in liver cells. In addition to confirming the main finding of the original analysis, which relied on AIC, our approach provides: (a) integration across the parameter space, (b) estimation of the posterior parameter distributions (with visualisations of parameter correlations), and (c) estimation of the posterior predictive distributions for goodness-of-fit assessments of the models. The goodness-of-fit results suggest that alternative mechanistic models and a relaxation of the quasi-stationary assumption should be considered.RD was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (grant number BB/I002189/1). TJM was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (grant number BB/I012192/1). OR was funded by the Royal Society. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Nested sampling for Bayesian model comparison in the context of Salmonella disease dynamics.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the observed dynamics of complex biological systems requires the statistical assessment and comparison of multiple alternative models. Although this has traditionally been done using maximum likelihood-based methods such as Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian methods have gained in popularity because they provide more informative output in the form of posterior probability distributions. However, comparison between multiple models in a Bayesian framework is made difficult by the computational cost of numerical integration over large parameter spaces. A new, efficient method for the computation of posterior probabilities has recently been proposed and applied to complex problems from the physical sciences. Here we demonstrate how nested sampling can be used for inference and model comparison in biological sciences. We present a reanalysis of data from experimental infection of mice with Salmonella enterica showing the distribution of bacteria in liver cells. In addition to confirming the main finding of the original analysis, which relied on AIC, our approach provides: (a) integration across the parameter space, (b) estimation of the posterior parameter distributions (with visualisations of parameter correlations), and (c) estimation of the posterior predictive distributions for goodness-of-fit assessments of the models. The goodness-of-fit results suggest that alternative mechanistic models and a relaxation of the quasi-stationary assumption should be considered.RD was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (grant number BB/I002189/1). TJM was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (grant number BB/I012192/1). OR was funded by the Royal Society.This paper was originally published in PLOS ONE (Dybowski R, McKinley TJ, Mastroeni P, Restif O, PLoS ONE 2013, 8(12): e82317. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082317)

Laser-induced splittings in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the rare gases

Circularly polarized laser field causes a shift in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of all substances. The shift is proportional to the intensity of the laser beam and yields oppositely signed values for left- and right-circularly polarized light, CPL -/+, respectively. Rapid switching -- in the NMR time scale -- between CPL+ and CPL- gives rise to a splitting of the NMR resonance lines. We present uncorrelated and correlated quadratic response calculations of the splitting per unit of beam intensity in the NMR spectra of $^{21}$Ne, $^{83}$Kr, and $^{129}$Xe. We study both the regions far away from and near to optical resonance and predict off-resonance shifts of the order 0.01, 0.1, and $1\times 10^{-6}$ Hz for $^{21}$Ne, $^{83}$Kr, and $^{129}$Xe, respectively, for a beam intensity of 10 W/cm$^2$. Enhancement by several orders of magnitude is predicted as the beam frequency approaches resonance. Only then can the effect on guest $^{129}$Xe atoms be potentially useful as a probe of the properties of the host material.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur

Pseudorandom Selective Excitation in NMR

In this work, average Hamiltonian theory is used to study selective excitation in a spin-1/2 system evolving under a series of small flip-angle $\theta-$pulses $(\theta\ll 1)$ that are applied either periodically [which corresponds to the DANTE pulse sequence] or aperiodically. First, an average Hamiltonian description of the DANTE pulse sequence is developed; such a description is determined to be valid either at or very far from the DANTE resonance frequencies, which are simply integer multiples of the inverse of the interpulse delay. For aperiodic excitation schemes where the interpulse delays are chosen pseudorandomly, a single resonance can be selectively excited if the $\theta$-pulses' phases are modulated in concert with the time delays. Such a selective pulse is termed a pseudorandom-DANTE or p-DANTE sequence, and the conditions in which an average Hamiltonian description of p-DANTE is found to be similar to that found for the DANTE sequence. It is also shown that averaging over different p-DANTE sequences that are selective for the same resonance can help reduce excitations at frequencies away from the resonance frequency, thereby improving the apparent selectivity of the p-DANTE sequences. Finally, experimental demonstrations of p-DANTE sequences and comparisons with theory are presented.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figure