Inceste : La contagion épidémique du silence

Inceste : la contagion épidémique du silenceLa littérature traitant de cas d’inceste, soit des abus sexuels commis sur des enfants dans la famille, a depuis longtemps mis en évidence la place centrale du silence qui entoure ces situations d’agressions répétées. Cet article réexamine cette thématique en explorant la dynamique du silence autour de l’inceste, et qui le perpétue dans la vie quotidienne de ses acteurs. J’aborderai cette exploration sous trois angles d’observation. D’abord, celui d’enfants violés devenus adultes, pour lesquels, la question du « dire » constitue une thématique à la fois centrale et douloureuse. Ensuite, celui des anthropologues, dans la mesure où en tant que spécialistes de la formulation des règles sociales et théoriciens de l’interdit de l’inceste, ils sont des acteurs sociaux particuliers dont il est intéressant d’interroger le discours sur l’inceste. Enfin, sous l’angle collectif, celui de la société, à l’heure où l’inceste marque régulièrement l’actualité.Incest : the Epidemic of SilenceThe literature which looks at proven incest and sexual abuse of children has long emphasized the important role of silence in these types of repeated aggressions. In this article, silence remains a key theme, but also looks at the dynamics which keep the actors in this complex social world silent. I explore this topic from three angles. First, I will look at the vantage point of sexually abused children who have grown up. After revealing their history of abuse, « talking » about incest and « keeping silent » about it remains a major and painful topic for them. Second, I will explore what anthropologists, specialists on the incest taboo and the social production of rules and norms, have to say about the topic. Finally, I shall look at the cultural understanding of incest by the wider society, at a time when incest is often covered by the media.Incesto : la epidemia contagiosa del silencioLa literatura sobre los casos de incesto comprobados, de abusos sexuales cometidos sobre los niños en las familias, desde hace mucho tiempo ha mostrado el lugar central que ocupa el silencio en torno de situaciones de agresión repetidas. Se trata, en este artículo, de reabrir la temática explorando esta vez la dinámica que habita el silencio en torno al incesto y a quien lo carga, en la vida cotidiana de los actores de nuestro mundo social. Abordaré esta exploración a través de tres registros de observación. Por principio, entre los niños violados que ahora son adultos, quienes, hasta que revelan el incesto, la cuestión de « decir » constituye un tema central y doloroso. Después, para los antropólogos, en la medida en que, especialistas de la formulación de las reglas sociales y teóricos de lo prohibido del incesto, son actores sociales particulares de los cuales es interesante interrogar el discurso sobre el incesto. En fin, colectivamente, a nivel de la sociedad, al momento en que el incesto marca regularmente la actualidad

Josiane Massard-Vincent, Le Temps du pub : territoires du boire en Angleterre

Situé quelque part entre le travail d’Éric Jolly sur la bière de mil en société dogon et celui de Monique Eleb et de Jean-Charles Depaule sur les cafés parisiens, ce livre de Josiane Massard-Vincent aborde la question du boire en la circonscrivant à un voyage dans la longue durée de l’histoire anglaise et dans l’espace social d’un petit bourg rural et touristique de Grande-Bretagne. Seule ou accompagnée d’un « maître ès pub », un pub guru, Josiane Massard-Vincent a mené une enquête au long co..

Città invisibili? Riflessioni sulla questione urbana in Oceania

Why have cities stayed for so long an invisible object for the anthropology of Oceania? What is it to be an urban Pacific islander? What are the fields of interest of the anthropologists working in urban Oceania? Drawing on a review of urban research lead during the last decades in the Pacific archipelagos, this article aims at unfolding these different questions. We will evoke how anthropologists’ attraction for the authentic, the rural world and small indigenous communities have for long prevented any close look at the contemporary urban world. Urban cities are recent and have been created by colonisation; they are made of various populations of migrants whose trajectories have been molded by colonisation and globalization. The study of these recent cities associate various issues such as creolization, informal economy, periurbanisation, circular migration, relations between expatriates and indigenous people, and contemporary uses of tradition or “custom”. Eventually, the paper concludes with the will to claim the right for the anthropology of urban Oceania to find its place among the discipline, among the vast collection of studies evoking the rural and so-called traditional worlds of the region.Per quale ragione la città è rimasta per così lungo tempo un oggetto invisibile per l’antropologia oceaniana? Cosa significa essere un cittadino oceaniano? Quali sono i campi d’interesse e d’indagine degli antropologi del mondo urbano oceaniano? A partire da un bilancio di ricerche svolte in questi ultimi decenni nei diversi arcipelaghi del Pacifico, questo articolo si impegna ad aprire queste diverse problematiche. Vedremo come l’interesse degli antropologi per l’autentico, per il mondo rurale e le piccole comunità autoctone, ha inibito durevolmente l’osservazione del mondo recente, un mondo introdotto dalla colonizzazione e costituito da raggruppamenti eterocliti di immigrati venuti da orizzonti tracciati prima dalla storia coloniale poi dalla mondializzazione. L’articolo dimostra che i mondi urbani oceaniani offrono un insieme eclettico di situazioni. Esse articolano la tematica della creolizzazione, dell’economia informale, della periurbanizzazione e delle migrazioni circolari, dei rapporti tra espatriati e autoctoni, e delle usanze contemporanee del “costume”. Infine prenderemo atto, per concludere, del diritto dei mondi urbani dell’Oceania ad avere una buona posizione sulla scena dell’antropologia legittima, accanto agli studi che riguardano i mondi rurali detti tradizionali

What happens after an NHS Health Check? A survey and realist review

Background The National Health Service Health Check in England aims to provide adults aged 40 to 74 with an assessment of their risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to offer advice to help manage and reduce this risk. The programme is commissioned by local authorities and delivered by a range of providers in different settings, although primarily in general practices. This project focused on variation in the advice, onward referrals and prescriptions offered to attendees following their health check. Objectives (1) Map recent programme delivery across England via a survey of local authorities; (2) conduct a realist review to enable understanding of how the National Health Service Health Check programme works in different settings, for different groups; (3) provide recommendations to improve delivery. Design Survey of local authorities and realist review of the literature. Review methods Realist review is a theory-driven, interpretive approach to evidence synthesis that seeks to explain why, when and for whom outcomes occur. We gathered published research and grey literature (including local evaluation documents and conference materials) via searching and supplementary methods. Extracted data were synthesised using a realist logic of analysis to develop an understanding of important contexts that affect the delivery of National Health Service Health Checks, and underlying mechanisms that produce outcomes related to our project focus. Results Our findings highlight the variation in National Health Service Health Check delivery models across England. Commissioners, providers and attendees understand the programme’s purpose in different ways. When understood primarily as an opportunity to screen for disease, responsibility for delivery and outcomes rests with primary care, and there is an emphasis on volume of checks delivered, gathering essential data and communicating risk. When understood as an opportunity to prompt and support behaviour change, more emphasis is placed on delivery of advice and referrals to ‘lifestyle services’. Practical constraints limit what can be delivered within the programme’s remit. Public health funding restricts delivery options and links with onward services, while providers may struggle to deliver effective checks when faced with competing priorities. Attendees’ responses to the programme are affected by features of delivery models and the constraints they face within their own lives. Limitations Survey response rate lower than anticipated; review findings limited by the availability and quality of the literature. Conclusions and implications The purpose and remit of the National Health Service Health Check programme should be clarified, considering prevailing attitudes about its value (especially among providers) and what can be delivered within existing resources. Some variation in delivery is likely to be appropriate to meet local population needs, but lack of clarity for the programme contributes to a ‘postcode lottery’ effect in the support offered to attendees after a check. Our findings raise important questions about whether the programme itself and services that it may feed into are adequately resourced to achieve positive outcomes for attendees, and whether current delivery models may produce inequitable outcomes. Future work Policy-makers and commissioners should consider the implications of the findings of this project; future research should address the relative scarcity of studies focused on the end of the National Health Service Health Check pathway

A competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative detection of cocaine from banknotes and latent fingermarks

A sensitive and versatile competitive enzyme immunoassay (cEIA) has been developed for the quantitative detection of cocaine in complex forensic samples. Polyclonal anti-cocaine antibody was purified from serum and deposited onto microtiter plates. The concentration of the cocaine antibody adsorbed onto the plates, and the dilution of the cocaine-HRP hapten were both studied to achieve an optimised immunoassay. The method was successfully used to quantify cocaine in extracts taken from both paper currency and latent fingermarks. The limit of detection (LOD) of 0.162 ng mL-1 achieved with the assay compares favourably to that of conventional chromatography-mass spectroscopy techniques, with an appropriate sensitivity for the quantification of cocaine at the low concentrations present in some forensic samples. The cEIA was directly compared to LC-MS for the analysis of ten UK banknote samples. The results obtained from both techniques were statistically similar, suggesting that the immunoassay was unaffected by cross-reactivity with potentially interfering compounds. The cEIA was used also for the detection of cocaine in extracts from latent fingermarks. The results obtained were compared to the cocaine concentrations detected in oral fluid sampled from the same individual. Using the cEIA, we have shown, for the first time, that endogeneously excreted cocaine can be detected and quantified from a single latent fingermark. Additionally, it has been shown that the presence of cocaine, at similar concentrations, in more than one latent fingermark from the same individual can be linked with those concentrations found in oral fluid. These results show that detection of drugs in latent fingermarks could directly indicate whether an individual has consumed the drug. The specificity and feasibility of measuring low concentrations of cocaine in complex forensic samples demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of the assay. The immunoassay presents a simple and cost-effective alternative to the current mass spectrometry based techniques for the quantitation of cocaine at forensically significant concentrations

Location-specific immunodetection of cocaine on banknotes

A novel in-gel bioanalytical immunodetection method has been developed to determine both the presence and the location of cocaine on the surface of banknotes. The cocaine was ‘fixed’ to the surface of the banknote via a coating of a polyacrylamide gel matrix. Immunostaining of the immobilised cocaine on the banknote surface was performed using an anti-cocaine primary antibody, either pre-labelled with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) or in conjunction with a HRP-labelled secondary antibody. Visualisation of the location of the cocaine was achieved through chemiluminescence imaging of the banknote following application of a chemiluminescent substrate. The novel method was applied to the detection of cocaine on partial and whole banknote samples obtained from general circulation. Newly minted banknotes, with or without spiked cocaine, were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The results obtained, for the first time, demonstrate the successful location-specific immunostaining of cocaine on banknotes. A preliminary analysis of six UK banknotes, obtained from general circulation, suggests that cocaine can be present at variable locations across the whole of the banknote