Birds, Nangaritza River Valley, Zamora Chinchipe Province, southeast Ecuador: update and revision

The remote Nangaritza Valley of southeast Ecuador has high bird diversity, combining Amazonian birds with species typical of eastern Andean slopes and foothills, a small number of taxa endemic to the Cordillera del Cóndor region of southern Ecuador and northern Peru, as well as a few forms from the dry Marañón valley region. Here, we update and review avifaunal records from the Nangaritza Valley, comparing them with the bird fauna of the Cordillera del Kutukú and making a brief assessment of bird conservation in the area. To date, 535 species are known to occur in the Nangaritza Valley, including eight species endemic or near endemic to the outer ridges and adjacent Andean slopes in southeast Ecuador and northeast Peru. Conservation perspectives in the area are not favorable owing to increasing deforestation, expansion of the agricultural frontier and mining concessions, which threaten eight regional endemic species

FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECUADORIAN RECORDS IN ORNITHOLOGY (CERO) AND A REVISION OF UNDOCUMENTED AND ERRONEOUS RECORDS IN LITERATURE

We present new distributional records of birds in Ecuador submitted to the Committee for Ecuadorian Records in Ornithology (CERO) from September 2015 through July 2017. This report includes four species new to Ecuador (Plegadis ridgwayi, Cathartes burrovianus, Malacoptila mystacalis, Vireo gilvus), two species new to Galapagos (Calidris pugnax, Larosterna inca), five species with first documented country records (Fregata minor, Syrigma sibilatrix, Calidris pugnax, Larus belcheri, Sternula antillarum), remarkable range extensions for eight species (Anas bahamensis, Fregata sp., Jabiru mycteria, Phimosus infuscatus, Caracara cheriway, Larus dominicanus, Chloroceryle aenea, Sturnella militaris), new records of eight rare species (Anhima cornuta, Mustelirallus albicollis, Larus argentatus, Larosterna inca, Myrmoborus lugubris, Machetornis rixosa, Progne elegans, Conirostrum bicolor) and new records of Nothoprocta curvirostris and Tyrannus tyrannus. We present the first Ecuadorian records of three subspecies (Tolmomyias sulphurescens insignis, Myiarchus swainsoni phaenotus, Oxyura jamaicensis andina, although the taxonomic validity of the latter is debated). Further we discuss the subspecific identity of Petrochelidon pyrrhonota in Ecuador. Finally, we invalidate previous records of 43 species for mainland Ecuador and 6 species for Galapagos, as published in different sources, and reject a remotesensing record of Cypseloides niger. CERO revises and updates the country bird list, which currently stands at 1690 species (1632 confirmed and documented; 58 undocumented).Presentamos nuevos registros de distribución de aves del Ecuador que han sido enviado al Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO) entre septiembre 2015 y julio 2017. Incluimos reportes de cuatro especies nuevas para Ecuador (Plegadis ridgwayi, Cathartes burrovianus, Malacoptila mystacalis, Vireo gilvus), dos especies nuevas para Galápagos (Calidris pugnax, Larosterna inca), cinco especies con primera documentación en Ecuador (Fregata minor, Syrigma sibilatrix, Calidris pugnax, Larus belcheri, Sternula antillarum), extensiones considerables de distribución de ocho especies (Anas bahamensis, Fregata sp., Jabiru mycteria, Phimosus infuscatus, Caracara cheriway, Larus dominicanus, Chloroceryle aenea, Sturnella militaris), nuevos reportes de ocho especies raras (Anhima cornuta, Mustelirallus albicollis, Larus argentatus, Larosterna inca, Myrmoborus lugubris, Machetornis rixosa, Progne elegans, Conirostrum bicolor) y registros adicionales de Nothoprocta curvirostris y Tyrannus tyrannus. Presentamos el primer registro en Ecuador de tres subespecies (Tolmomyias sulphurescens insignis, Myiarchus swainsoni phaenotus y Oxyura jamaicensis andina, aunque la validez taxonómica de esta última sea debatida). Además, discutimos la identidad subespecífica de Petrochelidon pyrrhonota en el país. Finalmente, invalidamos registros previos de 43 especies del Ecuador continental y 6 especies de Galápagos que aparecen en distintas publicaciones, y rechazamos un registro mediante sensores remotos de Cypseloides niger. CERO revisa y actualiza el listado nacional de aves, que en la actualidad alcanza las 1690 especies (1632 confirmadas y documentadas, 58 no documentadas)

FIFTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECUADORIAN RECORDS IN ORNITHOLOGY (CERO), WITH COMMENTS ON SOME PUBLISHED, UNDOCUMENTED RECORDS

Wepresent new distributional records of birds in Ecuador evaluated by the Committee for Ecuadorian Records in Ornithology (CERO) from November 2017 through June 2019. This report includes two species new to Ecuador (Pelecanoides garnotii, Conirostrum margaritae), five species with first documented country records (Thaumastura cora, Anous minutus, Setophaga pensylvanica, S. virens, Spiza americana), two species with first documented Galapagos records (Oceanodroma hornbyi, Egretta tricolor), remarkable range extensions for 15 species (Amazilia amazilia, Aramus guarauna, Vanellus chilensis, Attagis gayi, Anous stolidus, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus elegans, T. sandvicensis, Eurypyga helias, Mycteria americana, Plegadis falcinellus, Gampsonyx swainsonii, Rosthramus sociabilis, Glaucidium peruanum, Thlypopsis sordida), new records of 16 rare species (Oressochen jubatus, Spatula cyanoptera, Podiceps major, Stercorarius longicaudus, Larus belcheri, Pelagodroma marina, Oceanodroma markhami, Egretta rufescens, Plegadis ridgwayi, Buteo swainsonii, Megascops koepckeae, Tyrannus albogularis, Setophaga castanea, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Icterus chrysater, I. galbula) and additional records for 8 species. Finally, we invalidate previous records of Pyrilia pyrilia published in different sources, reject records of six species submitted to CERO, and discuss six previously published, undocumented records that might prove erroneous. CERO revises and updates the country bird list, which currently stands at 1696 species (1642 confirmed and documented; 54 undocumented).Presentamos nuevos registros de distribución de aves del Ecuador que han sido evaluados por el Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO) entre noviembre 2017 y junio 2019. Incluimos reportes de dos especies nuevas para Ecuador (Pelecanoides garnotii, Conirostrum margaritae), cinco especies con primera documentación en Ecuador (Thaumastura cora, Anous minutus, Setophaga pensylvanica, S. virens, Spiza americana), dos especies con primera documentación en Galápagos (Oceanodroma hornbyi, Egretta tricolor), extensiones considerables de distribución de 15 especies (Amazilia amazilia, Aramus guarauna, Vanellus chilensis, Attagis gayi, Anous stolidus, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus elegans, T. sandvicensis, Eurypyga helias, Mycteria americana, Plegadis falcinellus, Gampsonyx swainsonii, Rosthramus sociabilis, Glaucidium peruanum, Thlypopsis sordida), nuevos reportes de 16 especies raras (Oressochen jubatus, Spatula cyanoptera, Podiceps major, Stercorarius longicaudus, Larus belcheri, Pelagodroma marina, Oceanodroma markhami, Egretta rufescens, Plegadis ridgwayi, Buteo swainsonii, Megascops koepckeae, Tyrannus albogularis, Setophaga castanea, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Icterus chrysater, I. galbula) y registros adicionales de otras 8 especies. Finalmente, invalidamos registros previos de una especie (Pyrilia pyrilia) que aparecen en distintas publicaciones, rechazamos registros de seis especies sometidos a CERO en este periodo y discutimos seis registros previos publicados, no documentados, que podrían ser errados. CERO revisa y actualiza el listado nacional de aves, que en la actualidad alcanza las 1696 especies (1642 confirmadas y documentadas, 54 no documentadas)

Nests and Nest-site Selection of White-crowned Penduline Tit Remiz coronatus in the Northern Xinjiang

The nest-site selection of White-crowned Penduline Tit Remiz coronatus in Northern Xinjiang was studied from April to July in 2008. It has special nesting behavior. The nest has a pocket pouch size, with a delicate structure. Research of the nest, using the method of total area investigation, included searching for nests carefully, combined with tag plotting method, and drawing the nest distribution map. In total 125 nests were found in the field, nesting on willow, poplar, birch and other hardwood trees near lakes and rivers. 68.80% of nest trees were willows Salix spp. The average height of nests was 5.3±2.5 m. The nests were located in the lower part of arbor (about 1/3), about 70% of nests less than 30 meters from river. Study of the nest-site selection, used a quadrate survey to investigate the parameters of nest-site characteristics. The principal component analysis indicated that there were four factors affecting the nest-site selection of the White-crowned Penduline Tit. They were: 1. canopy (including diameter of nest tree and canopy cover above nest), 2. nest tree species (including species of nest tree and arbor, height of nest tree and nest in the tree), 3. position or site (including distance to river and nest orientation ), 4. food and nest material (including canopy cover under nest)

Parental care strategies in Eurasian penduline tit are not related to breeding densities and mating opportunities

Population size and density may influence various aspects of breeding systems. For example, the number of potential mates may influence the mating system and parental care strategies. The breeding system of Eurasian penduline fits, Remiz pendulinus, involves sequential polygamy by both sexes and uniparental care by either male or female. Additionally, about one third of the clutches is deserted by both parents. Mating opportunities and breeding behaviour were studied at two populations: a low-density population (The Netherlands) and a high-density population (Hungary). We expected that higher breeding density is associated with higher incidence of polygamy. However, despite the substantial differences in breeding density and mating opportunities between Hungary and The Netherlands, there was no difference in the frequency of parental care types. We further investigated the plasticity of the breeding system of penduline tits using data from five breeding populations in Europe, and found that care patterns did not differ between these populations. We conclude that the type of parental care is not related to local breeding density. Proximate mechanisms of breeding system variation (e.g., gene expression) may be inflexible and, thus, not adjusted to local conditions. Alternatively, long-distance dispersal of penduline fits may mix the gene pool, so that local adaptation cannot possibly occur

新疆北部白冠攀雀的巢与巢址选择

2008年4—7月,在新疆北部对白冠攀雀巢址选择进行了研究。白冠攀雀的营巢习性特殊,巢呈囊袋状,结构甚为精致。对于白冠攀雀巢的研究,采用总面积调查法,进行地毯式的搜寻,并结合标图法对其进行标记,绘制分布图。研究结果共发现巢125个,营巢位于于临近湖泊、河流等水域附近的柳树、杨树、桦树等阔叶树上。营巢树种以柳树为主,占68.80%。巢的高度平均为(5.3±2.5)m,营巢于乔木的中下部(约1/3处),约70%的巢离河边不足30m。对于巢址选择的研究,将原始记录中与巢址选择有关的特征变量进行主成分分析,分析表明,影响白冠攀雀巢址选择的主要因素有4种,依次为:郁闭度因素(包括营巢树胸径、巢上郁闭度)、营巢树种因素(包括营巢树种、树高、巢位高度和乔木种类)、方位因素(包括距河边距离和巢向)、食物与巢材因素

Efeito do açai jussara (Euterpe edulis Martius) sobre marcadores de risco cardiovascular em camundongos submetidos a uma dieta hiperlipídica.

As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são as maiores responsáveis pelas taxas de morbimortalidade no mundo. A ingestão de alimentos ricos em compostos antioxidantes, como o açaí, pode contribuir para a redução do risco de DCV. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito do açaí da palmeira jussara (Euterpe edulis Martius) sobre marcadores de risco cardiovascular em camundongos submetidos a uma dieta hiperlipídica. A polpa de açaí jussara foi liofilizada e avaliada quanto à sua composição centesimal, conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e antocianinas totais e sua capacidade antioxidante in vitro. Para o ensaio biológico, foram utilizados 43 camundongos machos adultos Swiss. Inicialmente, os animais foram submetidos a uma dieta normolipídica (n=22) ou dieta hiperlipídica (n=21), durante 8 semanas. Por um período de mais 8 semanas, o grupo em dieta normolipídica recebeu:dieta controle (AIN-93M) (CT, n=10) ou dieta controle (AIN-93M) suplementada com 2% de polpa do açaí jussara liofilizado (CT+A, n=12); o grupo em dieta hiperlipídica recebeu: dieta hiperlipídica (HF, n=9) ou dieta hiperlipídica suplementada com 2% de polpa do açaí jussara liofilizado (HF+A, n=12). Ao final do período experimental, os animais foram eutanasiados e colhidas amostras de sangue para análises de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triacilgliceróis, ácidos graxos livres, glicose, inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio tipo 1 (PAI-1), molécula de adesão celular intercelular (ICAM) e e-selectina. Ainda, foram realizadas análises histológicas do fígado e do tecido adiposo. Os resultados foram analisados por o teste t para avaliar os grupos CT e HF, antes do período de suplementação. A análise de variância, Two-way, foi realizada para avaliar o efeito da dieta e do fruto e/ou suas interações entre os grupos experimentais (CT, HF, CT+A e HF+A). Os dados foram apresentados em média e erro padrão, com nível de significância de 5%. Os grupos experimentais CT, CT+A e HF+A apresentaram menos que 33% dos hepatócitos com acúmulo de lipídios, entretanto, a intensidade da esteatose hepática do grupo HF foi classificada entre 33 e 66% do parênquima hepático com deposição de gordura. Quanto à área dos adipócitos não foi observado efeito da dieta, fruto ou da interação entre os grupos experimentais. A suplementação com 2% de polpa de açaí jussara liofilizado não foi eficaz para melhorar os níveis de AST, ALT, colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triacilgliceróis, ácidos graxos livres e glicose. O açaí jussara não promoveu alterações nos marcadores de risco cardiovascular, ICAM, PAI-1 e e-selectina. Conclui-se que, a suplementação com açaí jussara não foi eficaz em melhorar os marcadores de risco cardiovascular e demais parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados. Por outro lado, o açaí jussara promoveu redução da esteatose hepática dos camundongos submetidos a dieta hiperlipídica

Song-measurements_Dryad

file containing all song measurements. For each individual bird we recorded several song types. We obtained 22 acoustic measurements for each song type. We analysed three renditions of the same song type per bird and data presented here is averaged over these song types

Sharp acoustic boundaries across an altitudinal avian hybrid zone despite asymmetric introgression

Birdsong is a sexually selected trait that could play an important evolutionary role when related taxa come into secondary contact. Many songbird species, however, learn their songs through copying one or more tutors, which complicates the evolutionary outcome of such contact. Two subspecies of a presumed vocal learner, the grey-breasted wood-wren (Henicorhina leucophrys), replace each other altitudinally across the western slope of the Ecuadorian Andes. These subspecies are morphologically very similar, but show striking differences in their song. We examined variation in acoustic traits and genetic composition across the altitudinal range covered by both subspecies and between two allopatric populations. The acoustic boundary between the subspecies was found to be highly abrupt across a narrow elevational range with virtually no evidence of song convergence. Mixed singing and use of hetero-subspecific song occurred in the contact zone and was biased towards the use of leucophrys song types. Hetero-subspecific song copying by hilaris and not by leucophrys reflected a previously found asymmetric pattern of response to song playback. Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) markers, we detected hybridization in the contact zone and asymmetric introgression in parapatric populations, with more leucophrys alleles present in hilaris populations than vice versa. This pattern may be a trail of introgression due to upslope displacement of leucophrys by hilaris. Our data suggest that song learning may impact speciation and hybridization in contrasting ways at different spatial scales: although learning may speed up population divergence in songs, thereby enhancing assortative mating and reducing gene flow, it may at a local level also lead to the copying of heterospecific songs, therefore allowing some level of hybridization and introgression

Bluish-fronted Jacamar Galbula cyanescens in Ecuador

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