14 research outputs found

    Mental and physical health of Kosovar Albanians in their place of origin: a post-war 6-year follow-up study

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    Purpose: Long-term outcome of traumatic experiences among war-exposed civilians living in their home country has been seldom documented. The present study examined change in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequency and perceived physical and mental health in a cohort of Kosovar Albanians over 6years (2001-2007). Methods: Of 996 Albanian Kosovar civilians included in the 2001 survey, 551 subjects (55.3%) were recalled and interviewed in 2007. Diagnoses of PTSD and major depressive episode were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Subjective physical and mental health were investigated using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form (SF-36). A list of traumatic events adapted from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and other stressful life events was also considered. Results: Posttraumatic stress disorder was significantly less frequent in 2007 than in 2001 (14.5% vs. 23.2%, p<0.001). For 18.0, 5.3 and 9.3% of participants, PTSD remitted, persisted and developed over the 6-year follow-up period, respectively. Ill health without having access to medical care and major changes in responsibilities at work were associated with both persistence and new occurrence of PTSD. While the SF-36 mental component summary score significantly improved (mean change +4.5, p<0.001), the physical component summary score did not change between 2001 and 2007, after adjustment for age (mean change −0.8, p=0.14). Conclusions: Results point at the importance of economic and health system reconstruction programs with respect to public health in post-conflict countrie

    Analyse transdisciplinaire des problĂšmes de mobilitĂ© des Ă©lĂšves entre l’école et le domicile : Cas d’étude de la commune de Mons

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    At peak time, Mons, a 96,545 inhabitants medium-sized city (Statbel, 2022a) located in the southwest of Belgium, has a congested city centre. Elementary and secondary schools seem to be the main responsible, as a large majority of them are in this city centre. Therefore, it generates a very large amount of moves at entry and exit times. In addition, in the last few years, the distance covered by the children between home and school has considerably increased, mainly due to urban spreading and the increased use of motorisation (Wiel, 2004). Finally, in Belgium, parents are free to choose the school. They do not necessarily choose the nearest school.These various factors involve that children are intensively supported to school by car, in other words, the practice of the 'enfant paquet' (Dolto, 1985, p. 72). The consequences of this practice are multiple: the loss of autonomy and independence (GraniĂ© et al., 2019), the decrease of "motility" (Kaufmann et Widmer, 2005), the decrease of orientation in space, the loss of landmarks, the loss of social links, but also, the increase of physical and psychological health problems (UNICEF, 2019 ; OMS, 2019).The research question of this thesis is therefore: What are the factors that allow us to understand the problems of school mobility in Mons? How can we understand this daily congestion? The methodological approach adopted in this thesis to apprehend this phenomenon is “inductive-abductive” and based on the “MĂ©thodologie de la ThĂ©orisation EnracinĂ©e” (Luckerhoff et Guillemette, 2012). This method leads to an iterative, or emergent-fit, research process between theoretical concepts and field data (Lejeune, 2019, p. 22). Thus, from the field, different plausible intuitions that could apprehend the phenomenon are identified. Then, some intuitions become abductions that will be verified in the literature. Finally, these verified abductions are re-founded in the field.Throughout the research process, numerous field data are solicited and interpreted: data from participatory processes, field observations with pictures and Google views (Traffic Flow), data from students and schools from the “FĂ©dĂ©ration Wallonie-Bruxelles” (FWB), an exploratory online survey, twenty-one semi-structured interviews with twelve parents and twenty-two semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders.The research process took place in three main steps. First, the distance to be travelled between home and school by children in Mons is analysed using confidential data from the “FĂ©dĂ©ration Wallonie-Bruxelles” and the making of GIS maps. These first results show that the mobility problems in Mons can’t only be solved by a question of proximity and distribution of schools.Thus, the second step of the research led us to study the motility (Kaufmann et Widmer, 2005) of Mons’s families. Based on an exploratory online survey, three parent’s profiles were identified sorted by daily used transport modes. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve parents of students, allowing us to understand the modal and school choice mechanisms for these three groups.Finally, during the semi-directive interviews with the parents, another element emerged: the socio-spatial representations of the schools, the territory, and the transport modes. The specificity of this research compared to the literature on sustainable normative theories would be in the study and the understanding of motility and socio-spatial representations.As the research process progressed, the verified abductions have allowed to construct a transdisciplinary and systemic theoretical model (motility - representation - distance) that would allow us to apprehend the problem. Indeed, this model brings together factors from different disciplines (such as architecture, urban planning and urban sociology) that are understood by a single researcher. These factors are also interconnected and link or influence each other in a direct, reciprocal or contrary way.To conclude, the proposed theoretical model will be confronted with recent normative sustainable mobility theories (Rogers, 2003 ; Rogers et Gumudchdjian, 2008 ; CPDT, 2004) which promote proximity planning and a structuring public transport network to support modal shift and reduce emissions gases in densely populated centres. It will be shown that the mobility problems in the city centre of Mons cannot be apprehend only by an architectural and urbanistic aspect of the development of the territory, i.e., the density of inhabitants and the proximity of functions. Thus, sustainability issues would be simplified and wrongly generalised in view of the motility observed in Mons.By adopting a position that considers all the specificities of the possible lifestyles and motilities, we observe that other elements such as motilities and socio-spatial representations would influence the school mobility problems in Mons just as much. Thus, the theoretical, empirical, transdisciplinary, and systemic model proposed in this thesis would complement these theories on urban sustainability.Aux heures de pointe (de la circulation), Mons, ville moyenne de 96 545 habitants (Statbel, 2022a) situĂ©e au sud-ouest de la Belgique, a son centre-ville intramuros congestionnĂ©. Les Ă©coles fondamentales et secondaires seraient les principales fautives, car une grande majoritĂ© d’entre elles sont situĂ©es dans ce centre-ville. De ce fait, elles gĂ©nĂšreraient un trĂšs grand nombre de dĂ©placements aux heures d’entrĂ©e et de sortie. De plus, ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, la distance parcourue par les Ă©lĂšves entre le domicile et l’école a considĂ©rablement augmentĂ©, principalement en raison de l’étalement urbain et de l’utilisation accrue de la motorisation (Wiel, 2004). Enfin, en Belgique, les parents ont le libre choix scolaire. Ils ne choisissent donc pas nĂ©cessairement l’école de proximitĂ©.Ces diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments impliquent un accompagnement intensif des enfants en voiture Ă  l’école, autrement dit la pratique de l’« enfant paquet » (Dolto, 1985, p. 72). Les consĂ©quences de cette pratique sont multiples : la perte d’autonomie et d’indĂ©pendance (GraniĂ© et al., 2019), la diminution de la « motilité » (Kaufmann et Widmer, 2005), la diminution de l’orientation dans l’espace, la perte de points de repĂšre, la perte de liens sociaux, mais aussi l’augmentation de problĂšmes de santĂ© physique et psychologique (UNICEF, 2019 ; OMS, 2019).La question de recherche de cette thĂšse est donc : Quels sont les facteurs permettant d’apprĂ©hender les problĂšmes de mobilitĂ© scolaire Ă  Mons ? Comment pouvons-nous apprĂ©hender cette congestion quotidienne ? L’approche mĂ©thodologique adoptĂ©e dans cette thĂšse pour apprĂ©hender ce phĂ©nomĂšne est inductive-abductive et s’appuie sur la MĂ©thodologie de la ThĂ©orisation EnracinĂ©e (Luckerhoff et Guillemette, 2012). Cette mĂ©thode conduit Ă  suivre un processus de recherche itĂ©ratif, ou emergent-fit, entre les concepts thĂ©oriques et les donnĂ©es de terrain (Lejeune, 2019, p. 22). Ainsi, Ă  partir du terrain, diffĂ©rentes intuitions plausibles susceptibles d’apprĂ©hender le phĂ©nomĂšne sont identifiĂ©es. Ensuite, certaines intuitions deviennent des abductions qui seront vĂ©rifiĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature. Enfin, ces abductions vĂ©rifiĂ©es sont rĂ©approfondies sur le terrain.Tout au long du processus de recherche, de nombreuses donnĂ©es de terrain sont sollicitĂ©es et interprĂ©tĂ©es : les donnĂ©es de processus participatifs, les observations de terrain avec des photographies et des vues Google (Traffic Flow), les donnĂ©es des Ă©lĂšves et des Ă©coles de la FĂ©dĂ©ration Wallonie-Bruxelles (FWB), une enquĂȘte exploratoire en ligne, vingt et un entretiens semi-directifs avec douze parents d’élĂšves et vingt-deux entretiens semi-directifs avec diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes.Le processus de recherche s’est dĂ©roulĂ© en trois grandes Ă©tapes. Tout d’abord, la distance Ă  parcourir entre la maison et l’école par les Ă©lĂšves montois Ă  Mons est analysĂ©e Ă  partir des donnĂ©es confidentielles de la FĂ©dĂ©ration Wallonie-Bruxelles et la rĂ©alisation de cartographies SIG. Ces premiers rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que les problĂšmes de mobilitĂ© Ă  Mons ne peuvent se rĂ©soudre qu’à une question de proximitĂ© et de rĂ©partition des Ă©coles. Ainsi, la deuxiĂšme Ă©tape de la recherche nous a amenĂ© Ă  Ă©tudier les motilitĂ©s (Kaufmann et Widmer, 2005) des familles montoises. À partir d’une enquĂȘte exploratoire en ligne, trois profils de parents d’élĂšves ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s selon les modes de transports utilisĂ©s au quotidien. Les entretiens semi-directifs rĂ©alisĂ©s ensuite avec douze parents d’élĂšves, permettent de comprendre les mĂ©canismes de choix modaux et scolaires pour ces trois groupes.Enfin, lors des entretiens semi-directifs avec les parents d’élĂšves, un autre Ă©lĂ©ment est ressorti : les reprĂ©sentations socio-spatiales pour les Ă©coles, le territoire et les modes de transports. La spĂ©cificitĂ© de cette recherche par rapport Ă  la littĂ©rature sur les thĂ©ories normatives durables, se trouverait dans l’étude et la comprĂ©hension des motilitĂ©s et des reprĂ©sentations socio-spatiales.Au fur et Ă  mesure du processus de recherche, les abductions vĂ©rifiĂ©es ont permis de construire un modĂšle thĂ©orique (motilitĂ© – reprĂ©sentation – distance) transdisciplinaire et systĂ©mique permettant d’apprĂ©hender la problĂ©matique. En effet, celui-ci regroupe des facteurs de diffĂ©rentes disciplines (comme l’architecture, l’urbanisme et la sociologie urbaine) apprĂ©hendĂ©s par un seul chercheur. Ces facteurs sont aussi interconnectĂ©s entre eux et se liaisonnent ou s’influencent de maniĂšre directe, rĂ©ciproque ou contraire.Pour conclure, le modĂšle thĂ©orique proposĂ© sera confrontĂ© aux thĂ©ories normatives de mobilitĂ© durables rĂ©centes (Rogers, 2003 ; Rogers et Gumudchdjian, 2008 ; CPDT, 2004) qui prĂ©conisent un amĂ©nagement de proximitĂ© et un rĂ©seau de transport en commun structurant pour favoriser un report modal et diminuer les Ă©missions de gaz Ă  effet de serre dans les centres denses en habitants. Il sera dĂ©montrĂ© que les problĂšmes de mobilitĂ© en intramuros de Mons, ne peuvent s’apprĂ©hender uniquement par un aspect architectural et urbanistique de l’amĂ©nagement du territoire, c’est-Ă -dire la densitĂ© d’habitants et la proximitĂ© des fonctions. Les questions de durabilitĂ© seraient ainsi simplifiĂ©es et erronĂ©ment gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es au vu de la motilitĂ© observĂ©e Ă  Mons. En adoptant une posture qui prend en compte toutes les spĂ©cificitĂ©s des modes de vies et des motilitĂ©s possibles, on observe que d’autres Ă©lĂ©ments comme les motilitĂ©s et les reprĂ©sentations socio-spatiales influenceraient tout autant les problĂšmes de mobilitĂ© scolaire montois. Ainsi, le modĂšle thĂ©orique, empirique, transdisciplinaire et systĂ©mique proposĂ© dans cette thĂšse complĂ©terait ces thĂ©ories sur la durabilitĂ© urbaine.Enfin, la thĂšse ouvrira sur huit leviers d’action potentiels (transdisciplinaires et systĂ©miques) pour agir sur les problĂšmes de mobilitĂ© scolaire Ă  Mons

    Une approche transdisciplinaire de la problématique de la mobilité scolaire à Mons (Belgique)

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    À partir d’un cas d’étude d’urbanisme complexe actuel, celui des problĂšmes d’accessibilitĂ© des implantations scolaires d’une ville moyenne belge (Mons), une proposition d’analyse transdisciplinaire des dĂ©placements entre le domicile et l’école est prĂ©sentĂ©e. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne observĂ© Ă©merge de diffĂ©rentes donnĂ©es de terrain, dont les retours des citoyens lors d’un processus participatif. Pour apprĂ©hender ce phĂ©nomĂšne, la mĂ©thodologie utilisĂ©e est inductive-abductive : en s’appuyant sur le terrain, des abductions sont Ă©laborĂ©es et ensuite confrontĂ©es Ă  des concepts thĂ©oriques existants. La question de recherche est donc celle-ci : comment la transdisciplinaritĂ© aide-t-elle Ă  thĂ©oriser l’accessibilitĂ© des Ă©tablissements scolaires Ă  Mons? En premier lieu, l’article prĂ©sente le phĂ©nomĂšne observĂ© et le cadre thĂ©orique. Ensuite, le processus de recherche cyclique entre les donnĂ©es de terrain, les abductions et les concepts thĂ©oriques empruntĂ©s Ă  diffĂ©rentes disciplines (l’architecture, la gĂ©ographie et la sociologie urbaine) est dĂ©taillĂ©. Enfin, l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’approche systĂ©mique et transdisciplinaire est montrĂ© pour le phĂ©nomĂšne observĂ©

    Mental and physical health of Kosovar Albanians in their place of origin: a post-war 6-year follow-up study

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    Long-term outcome of traumatic experiences among war-exposed civilians living in their home country has been seldom documented. The present study examined change in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequency and perceived physical and mental health in a cohort of Kosovar Albanians over 6 years (2001-2007)

    Citizen Participation through Digital Platforms: the Challenging Question of Data Processing for Cities.

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    peer reviewedThis paper focuses on digital platforms supporting citizen participation in the era of Smart Cities. Our study presents and analyses two examples of online participation platforms, implemented by two Walloon cities: Mons and Liùge (Belgium). These two cases highlight the differences and the similarities between both cities’ interpretation of digital participation, as well as the difficulties they faced, especially considering the data processing by city officials. In light of the challenges observed through those two cases, we suggest that digital platforms might potentially be misused, and somehow bias the whole digital participatory process. We therefore issue recommendations about how to design, launch and manage such platforms and, moreover, suggest that platforms should be supplemented by other digital or traditional participatory processes in order to reach higher levels of participation.FEDER Wal-E-Citie

    CÎté mauvaises herbes, tir de barrage sur trois envahissantes

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    National audienceLes plantes envahissantes sont Ă©voquĂ©es Ă  la confĂ©rence sur les zones non agricoles de l'AFPPĂ  Avignon les 11 et 12octobre 2006. La situation Ă  leur Ă©gard en France et en Europe est prĂ©sentĂ©e, notamment les dispositions rĂ©glementaires et l'identitĂ© des 34 principales espĂšces. Deux communications traitent de l'ambroisie Ă  feuille d'armoise Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Un point sur les mĂ©thodes de lutte mĂ©canique, chimique, etc.) insiste sur l'intĂ©rĂȘt de la prĂ©vention (enherbement, etc.)et de la concertation entre acteurs agricoles et non agricoles. Des essais de lutte chimique (glyphosate ou glufosinate-ammonium en 2004 et 2005, les montrent Ă©quivalents et intĂ©ressants en dĂ©but de floraison. Une communication traite d'essais de luttes chimique et combinĂ©e (mĂ©canique + chimique) menĂ©s depuis 2004 contre la jussie Ludwigia hexapetala dans une zone de Loire-Atlantique oĂč la lutte mĂ©canique n'avait pu empĂȘcher l'extension de la jussie. Une communication traite de lutte contre le baccharis Baccharis halimifolia depuis 2002 en Loire-Atlantique. Un essai d'herbicides en pulvĂ©risation exemplaire allie l'Ă©valuation du risque Ă©cotoxicologique in situ Ă  celle de l'efficacitĂ©. Un essai de dĂ©vitalisation aprĂšs arrachage a menĂ© Ă  rĂ©aliser un tel chantier avec succĂšs dĂ©but 200

    Systemic lidocaine shortens length of hospital stay after colorectal surgery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

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    OBJECTIVE: To characterize the beneficial effects of perioperative systemic lidocaine on length of hospital stay, gastrointestinal motility, and the inflammatory response after colorectal surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Surgery-induced stimulation of the inflammatory response plays a major role in the development of several postoperative disorders. Local anesthetics possess anti-inflammatory activity and are thought to positively affect patients' outcome after surgery. This double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial aimed to evaluate beneficial effects of systemic lidocaine and to provide insights into underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing colorectal surgery, not willing or unable to receive an epidural catheter, were randomly assigned to lidocaine or placebo treatment. Before induction of general anesthesia, an intravenous lidocaine bolus (1.5 mg/kg) was administered followed by a continuous lidocaine infusion (2 mg/min) until 4 hours postoperatively. Length of hospital stay, gastrointestinal motility, and pain scores were recorded and plasma levels or expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators determined. RESULTS: Lidocaine significantly accelerated return of bowel function and shortened length of hospital stay by one day. No difference could be observed in daily pain ratings. Elevated plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, complement C3a, and IL-1ra as well as expression of CD11b, L- and P-selectin, and platelet-leukocyte aggregates were significantly attenuated by systemic lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative intravenous lidocaine not only improved gastrointestinal motility but also shortened length of hospital stay significantly. Anti-inflammatory activity modulating the surgery-induced stress response may be one potential mechanism. Systemic lidocaine may thus provide a convenient and inexpensive approach to improve outcome for patients not suitable for epidural anesthesi

    Cellular and behavioral outcomes of dorsal striatonigral neuron ablation: new insights into striatal functions

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    International audienceThe striatum is the input structure of the basal ganglia network that contains heterogeneous neuronal populations, including two populations of projecting neurons called the medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and different types of interneurons. We developed a transgenic mouse model enabling inducible ablation of the striatonigral MSNs constituting the direct pathway by expressing the human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under the control of the Slc35d3 gene promoter, a gene enriched in striatonigral MSNs. DT injection into the striatum triggered selective elimination of the majority of striatonigral MSNs. DT-mediated ablation of striatonigral MSNs caused selective loss of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum but not in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), suggesting a region-specific critical role of the direct pathway in striatal cholinergic neuron homeostasis. Mice with DT injection into the dorsal striatum showed altered basal and cocaine-induced locomotion and dramatic reduction of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the parkinsonian condition. In addition, these mice exhibited reduced anxiety, revealing a role of the dorsal striatum in the modulation of behaviors involving an emotional component, behaviors generally associated with limbic structures. Altogether, these results highlight the implication of the direct striatonigral pathway in the regulation of heterogeneous functions from cell survival to regulation of motor and emotion-associated behaviors

    European Respiratory Society Guideline on various aspects of quality in lung cancer care.

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    This ERS guideline is dedicated to the provision of good quality recommendations in lung cancer care. All the clinical recommendations contained were based on a comprehensive systematic review and evidence syntheses based on eight PICO questions. The evidence was appraised in compliance with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Evidence profiles and the GRADE Evidence to Decision frameworks were used to summarise results and to make the decision-making process transparent. A multi-disciplinary task force panel of lung cancer experts formulated and consented the clinical recommendations following thorough discussions of the systematic review results.In particular, we have made recommendations relating to the following quality improvement measures deemed applicable to routine lung cancer care: 1) avoidance of delay in the diagnostic and therapeutic period, 2) the integration of multi-disciplinary teams and multi-disciplinary consultations, 3) the implementation of and adherence to lung cancer guidelines, 4) the benefit of higher institutional/individual volume and advanced specialisation in lung cancer surgery and other procedures, 5) the need for pathological confirmation of lesions in patients with pulmonary lesions and suspected lung cancer, histological subtyping and the molecular characterisation for actionable targets or response to treatment of confirmed lung cancers, 6) the added value of early integration of palliative care teams or specialists, 7) the advantage of integrating specific quality improvement measures, and 8) the benefit of using patient decision tools.These recommendations should be reconsidered and updated, as appropriate, as new evidence becomes available
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