Argelès-sur-Mer – La Fajouse

La première campagne triennale de fouilles programmées, menée entre 2012 et 2014 sur le site de la Fajouse d’en Tarrès a permis de caractériser la manifestation d’activités rituelles autour d’une source d’eau jaillissante au pied d’un rocher. Ce « rocher-source » est localisé dans la Réserve Naturelle de la Massane au sommet du massif des Albères. La source est implantée à plus de 900 m d’altitude sur les contrebas d’un col, situé à proximité d’un axe de circulation fréquenté dès la Protohist..

Regard sur le premier territoire gaulois traversé par Hannibal au nord des Pyrénées : axes de passages et occupation humaine en Roussillon

Le passage d'Hannibal en 218 av. J.-C. à travers les Pyrénées, soulève encore aujourd'hui beaucoup plus d'interrogations que de certitudes. Si l'on connait par Tite Live (Histoire Romaine, 21, 23, 24) son lieu d'arrivée, à proximité de la cité d'Illibéris (Elne), on ignore le trajet emprunté pour y parvenir. Les données archéologiques manquent pour étayer telle ou telle hypothèse. Afin de palier ce déficit d'information, il semble nécessaire dans un premier temps de prendre en compte les contraintes liées à l'occupation humaine du territoire roussillonnais à la fin du IIIe s. av. J.-C. Dans un second temps, il s'agira de présenter les avantages et les inconvénients des différents passages pyrénéens. L'objectif étant de croiser les données topographiques et les dynamiques d'occupation afin de reprendre via ces deux prismes croisés les différentes hypothèses de cheminement à travers les Pyrénées.El pas d'Anníbal el 218 aC a través dels Pirineus encara planteja moltes més preguntes que certeses. Si bé gràcies a Titus Livi (Història Romana, 21, 23, 24) coneixem el lloc d'arribada a prop de la ciutat d'Illibéris (Elna), desconeixem la ruta que va prendre per arribar allí. Falten dades arqueològiques que donin suport a qualsevol hipòtesi. Per superar aquest dèficit d'informació, primer és necessari tenir en compte les limitacions vinculades a l'ocupació humana del territori del Rosselló a finals del segle III aC. En segon lloc, es buscarà presentar els avantatges i desavantatges dels diferents passatges pirinencs. L'objectiu és combinar les dades topogràfiques i les dinàmiques d'ocupació per aprofitar aquests dos punts de vista per reprendre les diferents hipòtesis de la travessa pels Pirineus.Hannibal's passage in 218 BC through the Pyrenees, still raises many more questions than certainties. We know from Livy (21, 23, 24) his place of arrival, near the city of Illibéris (Elne), but we do not know the route taken to get there. Archaeological data are lacking to support the different hypothesis. In order to overcome this information deficit, it seems necessary first to take into account the constraints linked to human occupation of the Roussillon territory at the end of the 3rd century BC. Secondly, to present the advantages and disadvantages of the various Pyrenean passages. The objective is to combine topographic data and occupation dynamics in order to use these points of views to confront the various hypotheses of the passage through the Pyrenees

Role of gut microbiota and bacterial translocation in acute intestinal injury and mortality in patients admitted in ICU for septic shock

IntroductionSepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction with high mortality rate. The gut origin hypothesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome relates to loss of gut barrier function and the ensuing bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to describe the evolution of gut microbiota in a cohort of septic shock patients over seven days and the potential link between gut microbiota and bacterial translocation.MethodsSixty consecutive adult patients hospitalized for septic shock in intensive care units (ICU) were prospectively enrolled. Non-inclusion criteria included patients with recent or scheduled digestive surgery, having taken laxatives, pre- or probiotic in the previous seven days, a progressive digestive neoplasia, digestive lymphoma, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, moribund patient, and pregnant and lactating patients. The primary objective was to evaluate the evolution of bacterial diversity and richness of gut microbiota during seven days in septic shock. Epidemiological, clinical and biological data were gathered over seven days. Gut microbiota was analyzed through a metagenomic approach. 100 healthy controls were selected among healthy blood donors for reference basal 16S rDNA values.ResultsSignificantly lower bacterial diversity and richness was observed in gut microbiota of patients at Day 7 compared with Day 0 (p<0.01). SOFA score at Day 0, Acute Gastrointestinal Injury (AGI) local grade, septic shock origin and bacterial translocation had an impact on alpha diversity. A large increase in Enterococcus genus was observed at Day 7 with a decrease in Enterobacterales, Clostridiales, Bifidobacterium and other butyrate-producing bacteria.DiscussionThis study shows the importance of bacterial translocation during AGI in septic shock patients. This bacterial translocation decreases during hospitalization in ICUs in parallel to the decrease of microbiota diversity. This work highlights the role of gut microbiota and bacterial translocation during septic shock

The microbiome of diabetic foot ulcers and the role of biofilms

Diabetic Foot Ulcers are a common precursor to the development of infection and amputations. A breach in the protective skin barrier represents a portal of entry for invading microorganisms, where infective episodes frequently pursue. Three key areas that may augment clinical care are one. understanding what microorganisms are present in Diabetic Foot Ulcers, two. differentiating if microorganisms are planktonic microbial cells or slow growing microbial biofilms and three. treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers complicated by microorganisms with effective topical agents. As part of this thesis, 16S rDNA next generation sequencing was utilised to profile the microbiota of infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs). Clinical / laboratory data and treatment outcomes were collected and correlated against microbiota data. Thirty-nine patients with infected DFUs were recruited over twelve-months. Shorter duration DFUs (less than six weeks) all had one dominant bacterial species (n= five of five, 100%, p <⋅001), S. aureus in three cases and S. agalactiae in two. Longer duration DFUs (≥six weeks) were diversely polymicrobial (p = .01) with an average of 63 (range 19-125) bacterial species. Severe Diabetic Foot Infections (DFIs) had complex microbiota’s and were distinctly dissimilar to less severe infections (p = .02), characterised by the presence of low frequency microorganisms. Our results confirm that short DFUs have a simpler microbiota’s consisting of pyogenic cocci but chronic DFUs have a highly polymicrobial microbiota. The duration of a DFU may be useful as a guide to directing antimicrobial therapy. Secondly, we utilised Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fluorescent in situ Hybridisation (FISH) techniques to determine if DFUs were complicated by sessile, slow growing bacteria referred to as biofilms. 65 DFU specimens were obtained from subjects with infected chronic ulcers. Of the 65 DFU specimens evaluated by microscopy, all were characterized as containing biofilm (100%, p < .001). Molecular analyses of DFU specimens revealed diverse polymicrobial communities. No clinical visual cues were identified in aiding clinicians identify wound biofilm. Microscopy visualization when combined with molecular approaches, confirms biofilms are ubiquitous in DFUs and a paradigm shift of managing these complicated wounds needs to consider anti-biofilm strategies. Lastly, the effectiveness of various topical antimicrobials commonly used in woundcare were tested in two separate studies by employing in vitro models, ex vivo porcine skin explant models and in vivo human studies. In the first study, 17 participants with chronic non-healing DFUs due to suspected biofilm involvement were recruited to receive one-week application of Cadexomer Iodine ointment. Real-time qPCR was used to determine the microbial load with 11 participants exhibiting one-two Log10 reductions in microbial load after treatment, in comparison to six patients who experienced less than one log10 reduction (p =.04). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and/or fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) confirmed the presence or absence of biofilm in all 17 participants. 16SrDNAnextgenerationsequencing provided useful insights that these wounds support complex polymicrobial communities and demonstrated that Cadexomer Iodine had a broad level of antimicrobial activity in reducing both facultative anaerobes such as Staphylococcus spp., Serratia spp., aerobes including Pseudomonas spp., and obligate anaerobes including Clostridiales family XI. In the second study, a range of topical antimicrobial wound solutions were tested under three different conditions; (in vitro) 4 % w/v melaleuca oil, polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine and hypochlorous acid were tested at short duration exposure times for 15-minutes against three-day mature biofilms of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. (ex vivo) Hypochlorous acid was tested in a porcine skin explant model with twelve cycles of tenminute exposure, over 24 hours, against three-day mature P. aeruginosa biofilms. (in vivo) 4 % w/v Melaleuca Oil was applied for 15-minutes exposure, daily, for seven days, in ten patients with chronic non-healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) complicated by biofilm. In vitro assessment demonstrated variable efficacy in reducing biofilms ranging between 0.5 log10 reductions to full eradication. Repeated instillation of hypochlorous acid in a porcine model achieved less than one log10 reduction (0.77 log10, p < 0.1). Application of 4 % w/v melaleuca oil in vivo, resulted in no change to the total microbial load of DFUs complicated by biofilm (median log10 microbial load pre-treatment = 4.9 log10 versus 4.8 log10 (p = .43). In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the in vivo human studies testing the performances of topical antimicrobials represents the first in vivo evidence employing a range of molecular and microscopy techniques. These demonstrate the ability of Cadexomer Iodine (sustained release over 48-72 hours) to reduce the microbial load of chronic non-healing DFUs complicated by biofilm. In contrast, short durations of exposure to topical antimicrobial wound solutions commonly utilised by clinicians are ineffective against microbial biofilms, particularly when used in vivo

Roussillon’s place during Iron Ages in Mediterranean exchanges : Study of a cultural, social and territorial organization (VIth-IIIrd century BC)

Le Roussillon est un espace entre mer et montagne situé à la croisée des populations de l’extrême sud de la Gaule et du nord-est de l’Ibérie. Une approche globale du territoire et des dynamiques de peuplement est réalisée afin d’appréhender l’évolution, la diversité spatiale et qualitative des vestiges archéologiques dans le temps. Les données archéologiques disponibles sont revisitées à travers de nouvelles recherches de terrain (prospections, fouilles) afin de proposer une synthèse des connaissances. Ces données apportent des informations sur l’occupation et l’exploitation des ressources disponibles dans les espaces littoraux et dans les massifs pyrénéens. À l'aide des systèmes d'information géographique (base de données, SIG), l’analyse est menée en recherchant les articulations entre les ressources naturelles, les territoires d’habitats et les zones d’échanges économiques. Ces dynamiques sont confrontées à la réception et à la diffusion des céramiques d’importations issues des échanges avec le monde méditerranéen. Les flux commerciaux résultant d’études céramiques inédites permettent d’appréhender dans le temps les diversités culturelles et commerciales des populations et la nature des contacts de cultures. Les échanges et les relations entre Grecs, Ibères (principalement) et populations locales sont développés à travers 6 études de cas menées sur les agglomérations littorales (Ruscino, Elne), portuaires (Collioure) et d’arrière-pays (Teixonères, Escatiro). Enfin, l’étude d’un lieu de culte gréco-romain (la Fajouse) permet d’expérimenter une archéologie des cultes afin d’aborder les comportements rituels, le paysage religieux et humain d’un espace montagnard situé au cœur des circulations terrestres entre la Gaule et l’Ibérie.The Roussillon is a place located between mountains and sea, at the crossroad of the extreme south Gaule and North-East Iberia. A global approach of this territory and its population dynamics is realized in this work to understand the evolution and the spatial and qualitative repartition of archaeological remains through the centuries. The available Archaeological data has been studied again through to the latest field investigation data (obtained by prospection and excavation) to present a report of this knowledge. This data brings information about people occupation and the use of available resources in coastal and mountain areas. Thanks to the geographical information system, the data analysis shows the connections between natural resources, occupied spaces and economical exchange areas. These dynamics are confronted with the reception and the diffusion of imported ceramics coming from the Mediterranean trade. Commercial flows resulting from the new ceramic studies allow to understand, during this period, the population’s commercial and cultural diversities and how were their relationships with other populations. Exchanges and relationships between Greek, Iberian and local populations are developed through 6 case studies on coastal (Ruscino, Elne), port (Collioure) and hinterland cities (Teixonères, Escatiro). Finally, the study of a Greco-Roman cult place (la Fajouse) gives the opportunity to experiment an archaeology of cults in order to approach ritual behaviors as well as human and religious landscape of a mountain area located at the crossroad of Gaul and Iberia axes

Espace sacré et pratiques rituelles autour de « rocher-source ».: Le cas de la source de la Fajouse au sommet des Pyrénées (fin VIe-fin IIIe siècle av. J.-C.)

International audienceDans le cadre des actes du colloque sur "L’eau dans la religion grecque", tenu en 2016 à Tufts University (Boston), nous présentons des exemples concernant les pratiques rituelles autour des sources en Grèce ancienne. L'objectif étant de remettre en perspective la documentation issue de la fouille archéologique du sanctuaire de source gréco-romain de la Fajouse

Le livre étendu : étirer les temporalités du livre

L’univers éditorial est aujourd’hui en pleine mutation ; auteurs, éditeurs, concepteurs, graphistes et lecteurs voient le numérique bouleverser le livre et en faire évoluer le statut. Il apparaît que la définition du livre est elle aussi en train de changer. Exposé comme un objet de papier constitué de pages reliées en feuillets et comportant du texte, le livre dépasse désormais cette description, et devient un objet de plus en plus difficile à cerner. Par exemple, pour aller au plus proche, ..

Activités rituelles autour d’une source entre la France et l’Espagne (vie s. av. J.-C.-vie s. apr. J.-C.) : la Fajouse à Argelès-sur-Mer (Pyrénées-Orientales)

Le site archéologique de la Fajouse se situe en Roussillon, dans le département des Pyrénées-Orientales, sur la frontière actuelle entre la France et l’Espagne. Il a été découvert récemment au sommet du massif des Albères, extrémité orientale des Pyrénées qui surplombent la mer Méditerranée et les colonies grecques de Rhodé et d’Emporion. Les vestiges mis au jour entre 2012 et 2014 ont permis de mettre en évidence des activités rituelles autour d’une source dès la fin du vie s. av. J.-C. Cependant, la période d’occupation la plus dense se situe à la fin du ive s. et durant le iiie s. av. J.-C., période à laquelle la source et ses contrebas ont été aménagés. Un changement de pratiques rituelles a été observé à l’extrême fin du iiie/iie s. av. J.-C., date de l’implantation romaine en Espagne, à partir de laquelle la fréquentation du site devient épisodique durant l’Antiquité romaine, jusqu’au ive s., voire jusqu’au vie s. apr. J.-C., avant de tomber dans l’oubli. Situé en dehors de toute agglomération, il permet d’alimenter la rare documentation archéologique sur les espaces sacrés dits de confins. L’examen du site apporte un regard nouveau tant sur la pratique des rites que sur les dynamiques territoriales de populations au cœur des contacts entre cultures méditerranéennes.The site of la Fajouse is situated in the Roussillon, Dept of Pyrénées-Orientales, at the frontier between France and Spain. It was recently discovered at the top of the massif des Albères, on the Pyrénées’ eastern limit Mediterranean sea and the Greek colonies of Rhode and Emporion. Brought to light between 2012 and 2014, the remains allowed to put in evidence cult activities around a source from the 6th century BC. However the most densely occupied period is situated at the end of the 4th century and during the 3rd century BC, period when the source and buildings below have been laid out. A change in the ritual practices has been noticed at the very end of the 3rd and 2nd centuries – at the time of the Roman establishment in Spain – from which the site becomes sporadically frequented during the Roman period until the 4th century AD or even the 6th century, before being sunk into oblivion. Being remote from any town it allows to provide data on the sacred areas, called cult sites on the fringes. The examination of the site highlights practices being performed as well as territory dynamics of the populations in the heart of Mediterranean cultural contacts

Histoire et décadence en France à la fin du XIXe siècle. Hippolyte Taine et Les origines de la France contemporaine

Dunyach Jean-François. Histoire et décadence en France à la fin du XIXe siècle. Hippolyte Taine et Les origines de la France contemporaine. In: Mil neuf cent, n°14, 1996. Progrès et décadence. pp. 115-137