Stochastic variability of oceanic flows above topography anomalies

International audienceWe describe a stochastic variability mechanism which is genuinely internal to the ocean, i.e. not due to fluctuations in atmospheric forcing. % The key ingredient is the existence of closed contours of bottom topography surrounded by a stirring region of enhanced eddy activity. This configuration leads to the formation of a robust but highly variable vortex above the topography anomaly. The vortex dynamics integrates the white noise forcing of oceanic eddies into a red noise signal for the large scale volume transport of the vortex. The strong interannual fluctuations of the transport of the Zapiola anticyclone ($\sim 100 \ Sv$) in the Argentine basin are argued to be partly due to such eddy-driven stochastic variability, on the basis of a $310$ years long simulation of a comprehensive global ocean model run driven by a repeated-year forcing

Potential for seasonal prediction of the Atlantic sea surface temperatures using the RAPID array at 26°N

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) plays a critical role in the climate system and is responsible for much of the meridional heat transported by the ocean. In this paper, the potential of using AMOC observations from the 26 ∘ N RAPID array to predict North Atlantic sea surface temperatures is investigated for the first time. Using spatial correlations and a composite method, the AMOC anomaly is used as a precursor of North Atlantic sea-surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). The results show that the AMOC leads a dipolar SSTA with maximum correlations between 2 and 5 months. The physical mechanism explaining the link between AMOC and SSTA is described as a seesaw mechanism where a strong AMOC anomaly increases the amount of heat advected north of 26 ∘ N as well as the SSTA, and decreases the heat content and the SSTA south of this section. In order to further understand the origins of this SSTA dipole, the respective contributions of the heat advected by the AMOC versus the Ekman transport and air–sea fluxes have been assessed. We found that at a 5-month lag, the Ekman component mainly contributes to the southern part of the dipole and cumulative air–sea fluxes only explain a small fraction of the SSTA variability. Given that the southern part of the SSTA dipole encompasses the main development region for Atlantic hurricanes, our results therefore suggest the potential for AMOC observations from 26 ∘ N to be used to complement existing seasonal hurricane forecasts in the Atlantic

Drivers of exceptionally cold North Atlantic Ocean temperatures and their link to the 2015 European heat wave

The North Atlantic and Europe experienced two extreme climate events in 2015: exceptionally cold ocean surface temperatures and a summer heat wave ranked in the top ten over the past 65 years. Here, we show that the cold ocean temperatures were the most extreme in the modern record over much of the mid-high latitude North-East Atlantic. Further, by considering surface heat loss, ocean heat content and wind driven upwelling we explain for the first time the genesis of this cold ocean anomaly. We find that it is primarily due to extreme ocean heat loss driven by atmospheric circulation changes in the preceding two winters combined with the re-emergence of cold ocean water masses. Furthermore, we reveal that a similar cold Atlantic anomaly was also present prior to the most extreme European heat waves since the 1980s indicating that it is a common factor in the development of these events. For the specific case of 2015, we show that the ocean anomaly is linked to a stationary position of the Jet Stream that favours the development of high surface temperatures over Central Europe during the heat wave. Our study calls for an urgent assessment of the impact of ocean drivers on major European summer temperature extremes in order to provide better advance warning measures of these high societal impact events

Western boundary circulation and coastal sea-level variability in Northern Hemisphere oceans

The northwest basins of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are regions of intense western boundary currents (WBCs): the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio. The variability of these poleward currents and their extensions in the open ocean is of major importance to the climate system. It is largely dominated by in-phase meridional shifts downstream of the points at which they separate from the coast. Tide gauges on the adjacent coastlines have measured the inshore sea level for many decades and provide a unique window on the past of the oceanic circulation. The relationship between coastal sea level and the variability of the western boundary currents has been previously studied in each basin separately, but comparison between the two basins is missing. Here we show for each basin that the inshore sea level upstream of the separation points is in sustained agreement with the meridional shifts of the western boundary current extension over the period studied, i.e. the past 7 (5) decades in the Atlantic (Pacific). Decomposition of the coastal sea level into principal components allows us to discriminate this variability in the upstream sea level from other sources of variability such as the influence of large meanders in the Pacific. Our result extends previous findings limited to the altimetry era and suggests that prediction of inshore sea-level changes could be improved by the inclusion of meridional shifts of the western boundary current extensions as predictors. Long-duration tide gauges, such as Key West, Fernandina Beach or Hosojima, could be used as proxies for the past meridional shifts of the western boundary current extensions

Re-emergence of North Atlantic subsurface ocean temperature anomalies in a seasonal forecast system

A high-resolution coupled ocean atmosphere model is used to study the effects of seasonal re-emergence of North Atlantic subsurface ocean temperature anomalies on northern hemisphere winter climate. A 50-member control ensemble is integrated from 1 September 2007 to 28 February 2008 and compared with a parallel ensemble with perturbed ocean initial conditions. The perturbation consists of a density-compensated subsurface Atlantic temperature anomaly corresponding to the observed subsurface temperature anomaly for September 2010. The experiment is repeated for two atmosphere horizontal resolutions (~ 60 km and ~ 25 km) in order to determine whether the sensitivity of the atmosphere to re-emerging temperature anomalies is dependent on resolution. A wide range of re-emergence behavior is found within the perturbed ensembles. While the observations seem to indicate that most of the re-emergence is occurring in November, most members of the ensemble show re-emergence occurring later in the winter. However, when re-emergence does occur it is preceded by an atmospheric pressure pattern that induces a strong flow of cold, dry air over the mid-latitude Atlantic, and enhances oceanic latent heat loss. In response to re-emergence (negative SST anomalies), there is reduced latent heat loss, less atmospheric convection, a reduction in eddy kinetic energy and positive low-level pressure anomalies downstream. Within the framework of a seasonal forecast system the results highlight the atmospheric conditions required for re-emergence to take place and the physical processes that may lead to a significant effect on the winter atmospheric circulation

Contrôle du courant Nord Méditerranéen dans le golfe du Lion : une approche par simulation du système d’observation

Ocean circulation in the Gulf of Lions is both influenced by intense atmospheric forcings and the North Mediterranean Current (NMC). A 1/16◦ configuration of the Gulf of Lions has been used to represent the complex dynamics of this area but does not allow a correct modeling of the NMC. We have used the SEEK filter data assimilation method to combine the information contained in the model and the one coming from synthetic in situ and altimetric observations (from SARAL-AltiKa altimeter). Those observations have been extracted from a realist 1/64◦ configuration of the Gulf of Lions. To assess the quality of results, statistical and physical diagnostics have been developed and show a good quality of the experiment. Thanks to a better representation of this current at the surface and at depth as well as its mesoscale activity, we have managed to improve the quantity of cross shelf exchanges. Consequently, we have managed to improve shelf water characteristics, which have thus allowed the formation of dense waters in winter, their convection and cascading over the shelf break. Rhône river plume characteristics have also been improved thanks to data assimilation. We have finally shown that assimilating those new kinds of observations in operational systems should allow the control of small scale processes closed to the coast that are not controlled with present observational systemsLa circulation du golfe du Lion est influencée par un forçage atmosphérique intense et le Courant Nord Méditerranéen (CNM). Une configuration au 1/16° a été utilisée pour modéliser la dynamique complexe de cette région, mais ne permet pas de modéliser correctement le CNM. Nous avons utilisé la méthode d’assimilation du filtre SEEK afin de combiner l’information contenue dans ce modèle et celle provenant d’observations synthétiques altimétriques (de type SARAL-AltiKa) et in situ, extraites d’une configuration réaliste du golfe du Lion au 1/64°. Afin d’évaluer la qualité des résultats, des diagnostics statistiques et physiques ont été établis et témoignent d’une bonne qualité de l’expérience. On a ainsi montré une amélioration des caractéristiques du CNM en surface et en profondeur, de son activité mésoéchelle et permis l’intrusion de branches de recirculation sur le plateau. Une meilleure représentation de ce courant a permis d’améliorer la quantité des échanges côte-large de même que la caractéristique des eaux du plateau, ce qui a permis la formation d’eaux denses hivernales, leur convection puis leur cascading le long du talus. L’assimilation a aussi amélioré les caractéristiques du panache du Rhône. On a ainsi montré que l’assimilation de nouvelles formes d’observations dans les systèmes opérationnels permettra de contrôler des processus plus fins et proches des côtes, non contrôlés par les systèmes d’observations actuels

Control of the North mediterranean current in the Gulf of Lions with an observing system simulation experiment

La circulation du golfe du Lion est influencée par un forçage atmosphérique intense et le Courant Nord Méditerranéen (CNM). Une configuration au 1/16° a été utilisée pour modéliser la dynamique complexe de cette région, mais ne permet pas de modéliser correctement le CNM. Nous avons utilisé la méthode d’assimilation du filtre SEEK afin de combiner l’information contenue dans ce modèle et celle provenant d’observations synthétiques altimétriques (de type SARAL-AltiKa) et in situ, extraites d’une configuration réaliste du golfe du Lion au 1/64°. Afin d’évaluer la qualité des résultats, des diagnostics statistiques et physiques ont été établis et témoignent d’une bonne qualité de l’expérience. On a ainsi montré une amélioration des caractéristiques du CNM en surface et en profondeur, de son activité mésoéchelle et permis l’intrusion de branches de recirculation sur le plateau. Une meilleure représentation de ce courant a permis d’améliorer la quantité des échanges côte-large de même que la caractéristique des eaux du plateau, ce qui a permis la formation d’eaux denses hivernales, leur convection puis leur cascading le long du talus. L’assimilation a aussi amélioré les caractéristiques du panache du Rhône. On a ainsi montré que l’assimilation de nouvelles formes d’observations dans les systèmes opérationnels permettra de contrôler des processus plus fins et proches des côtes, non contrôlés par les systèmes d’observations actuels.Ocean circulation in the Gulf of Lions is both influenced by intense atmospheric forcings and the North Mediterranean Current (NMC). A 1/16◦ configuration of the Gulf of Lions has been used to represent the complex dynamics of this area but does not allow a correct modeling of the NMC. We have used the SEEK filter data assimilation method to combine the information contained in the model and the one coming from synthetic in situ and altimetric observations (from SARAL-AltiKa altimeter). Those observations have been extracted from a realist 1/64◦ configuration of the Gulf of Lions. To assess the quality of results, statistical and physical diagnostics have been developed and show a good quality of the experiment. Thanks to a better representation of this current at the surface and at depth as well as its mesoscale activity, we have managed to improve the quantity of cross shelf exchanges. Consequently, we have managed to improve shelf water characteristics, which have thus allowed the formation of dense waters in winter, their convection and cascading over the shelf break. Rhône river plume characteristics have also been improved thanks to data assimilation. We have finally shown that assimilating those new kinds of observations in operational systems should allow the control of small scale processes closed to the coast that are not controlled with present observational system

Contrôle du courant Nord Méditerranéen dans le golfe du Lion (une approche par simulation du système d'observation)

La circulation du golfe du Lion est influencée par un forçage atmosphérique intense et le Courant Nord Méditerranéen (CNM). Une configuration au 1/16 a été utilisée pour modéliser la dynamique complexe de cette région, mais ne permet pas de modéliser correctement le CNM. Nous avons utilisé la méthode d assimilation du filtre SEEK afin de combiner l information contenue dans ce modèle et celle provenant d observations synthétiques altimétriques (de type SARAL-AltiKa) et in situ, extraites d une configuration réaliste du golfe du Lion au 1/64. Afin d évaluer la qualité des résultats, des diagnostics statistiques et physiques ont été établis et témoignent d une bonne qualité de l expérience. On a ainsi montré une amélioration des caractéristiques du CNM en surface et en profondeur, de son activité mésoéchelle et permis l intrusion de branches de recirculation sur le plateau. Une meilleure représentation de ce courant a permis d améliorer la quantité des échanges côte-large de même que la caractéristique des eaux du plateau, ce qui a permis la formation d eaux denses hivernales, leur convection puis leur cascading le long du talus. L assimilation a aussi amélioré les caractéristiques du panache du Rhône. On a ainsi montré que l assimilation de nouvelles formes d observations dans les systèmes opérationnels permettra de contrôler des processus plus fins et proches des côtes, non contrôlés par les systèmes d observations actuels.Ocean circulation in the Gulf of Lions is both influenced by intense atmospheric forcings and the North Mediterranean Current (NMC). A 1/16 configuration of the Gulf of Lions has been used to represent the complex dynamics of this area but does not allow a correct modeling of the NMC. We have used the SEEK filter data assimilation method to combine the information contained in the model and the one coming from synthetic in situ and altimetric observations (from SARAL-AltiKa altimeter). Those observations have been extracted from a realist 1/64 configuration of the Gulf of Lions. To assess the quality of results, statistical and physical diagnostics have been developed and show a good quality of the experiment. Thanks to a better representation of this current at the surface and at depth as well as its mesoscale activity, we have managed to improve the quantity of cross shelf exchanges. Consequently, we have managed to improve shelf water characteristics, which have thus allowed the formation of dense waters in winter, their convection and cascading over the shelf break. Rhône river plume characteristics have also been improved thanks to data assimilation. We have finally shown that assimilating those new kinds of observations in operational systems should allow the control of small scale processes closed to the coast that are not controlled with present observational systemsTOULON-Bibliotheque electronique (830629901) / SudocSudocFranceF

AMOC fingerprints influence seasonal SST predictability in the North Atlantic

We investigate the impact of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26° N on the prediction of North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) a season ahead. We consider the physical mechanism proposed by Duchez et al. (2016a) and test the dependence of SST predictive skill in initialised hindcasts on the phase of AMOC at 26° N. We use initialised simulations with the MPI-ESM-MR seasonal prediction system. First, we use the assimilation experiment between 1979–2014 to confirm that the AMOC leads a SSTA dipole pattern in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic, with strongest AMOC fingerprints after 2–4 months. Going beyond previous studies, we find that the AMOC fingerprint has a seasonal dependence, and is sensitive to the length of the observational window used, i.e. stronger over the last decade than for the entire time series back to 1979. We then use a set of ensemble hindcast simulations with 30 members, starting each February, May, August and November between 1982 and 2014. We compare the changes in skill between composites based on the AMOC phase a month prior to each start date to simulations without considering the AMOC phase. We find higher SST hindcast skill at 2–4 months lead time for SSTA composites based on the AMOC phase for February, May and November start dates. Our method shows major benefit for May start dates, where mean summer SST hindcast skill over the subtropics increase by a factor of 2, reaching up to 80 % agreement with ERA-Interim SST

Monitoring of the Northern Current in the Gulf of Lions with an observing system simulation experiment

The coastal circulation in the Gulf of Lions (GoL) is influenced by the Northern Current (NC), forced by a complex wind system and also affected by important river discharges from the Rhône River. Correct modelling of this current is therefore important for obtaining a good representation of the gulf circulation. An observing system simulation experiment using the SEEK filter data assimilation method was used in a regional 1/16° configuration of the GoL in the NEMO model. The synthetic observation database used for the experiment comprised altimetric data in addition to in- situ temperature and salinity profiles. Statistical diagnostics and other physical criteria based on the improvement of NC representation were set up in order to assess the quality of this experiment. Comparisons between the free 1/16° simulation and the experience with assimilation show that data assimilation significantly improved the description of the characteristics of the NC as well as its seasonal and mesoscale variability, which in turn improved the description of the water exchanges between the coastal region and the open sea