Women\u27s Silenced Anger: A Feminist Reading of Susanna

The story of Susanna tells of a woman sexually assaulted, accused of adultery, sentenced to death, and then saved by the prophet Daniel. Throughout the narrative, Susanna seems passive while she endures this dire experience. Underneath her outwardly submissive behavior and silence characteristic of biblical women, she is, I suggest, fuming with anger. This exegesis challenges Susanna’s historically docile interpretation by reading the story through a feminist lens of women’s anger. After problematizing common interpretations of Susanna’s character, I offer an empowered reading of Susanna that imbues her with agency by shifting attention to her anger. Within this interpretation, Susanna’s narrative has the potential to speak to the experience of millions of women who have endured sexual violence

Membranska zadebljanja i kristali u perikarpu graha mahunara (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

In the epidermis of some bean legumes of ‘Favorit’ variety of Phaseolus vulgaris L. semi-spherical thickenings of cell walls are formed. Sometimes they are slightly incrusted with calcium carbonate. These thickenings are most frequently found around necrotised epidermal cells and anomal stomata. In the epidermis of ‘Favorit’ legumes irregularly grape shaped and conical cystoliths appear only in the variety described and they might have a taxonomic role too. Calcium oxalate crystals were found in the exocarp and the mesocarp of ‘Favorit’ and ‘Top-crop’. They are much bigger and more numerous in the mesocarp than in the exocarp.Ovim istraživanjima utvrđeno je da se u epiđermi mahuna vrste Phaseolus vulgaris L. sorte ‘Favorit’ stvaraju polukuglasta zadebljanja staničnih stijenki oko nekrotiziranih stanica epiderme i anomalno građenih puči. Ona su katkad inkrustirana kalcijevim karbonatom. U epi- dermi sorte ‘Favorit’ pronađeni su i cistoliti grozdasta ili čunjasta oblika. Kako se cistoliti pojavljuju samo u navedene sorte, oni bi mogli imati i taksonomsko značenje. U perikarpu mahuna sorte ‘Favorit’ i ‘Top-crop’ utvrđeni su u egzokarpu i mezokarpu kristali kalcijeva oksalata. Oni su znatno veći u mezokarpu nego u egzokarpu

Anomaler sekundärer Bau der Springgurkenwurzel (Ecballium elaterium [L.] A. Rich

Der primäre Bau der Wurzel der Springgurke weist keine Eigenthüm- lichkeiten auf. In dem sekundären Bau der Wurzel finden wir aber drei Anomalien. Die erste Anomalie (corpus lignosum circumvallatum) wird durch die Erscheinung von mehreren anomalen konzentrisch eingeschichteten Kambien charakterisiert (Abb. 2). Die älteren anomalen. Kambiumringe in der Wurzel von Ecballium elaterium behalten ihre Aktivität auch nach der Bildung der neuen peripheren Kambiumringe. Die zweite Anomalie besteht darin, daß sich das zweite und das dritte Kambium manchmal so verbinden, daß sich um den zentralgelegenen normalen Kambiumirng abgerunderte abgeplattete Kambiumringe bilden, so daß die Wurzelstruktur dem corpus lignosum compositum ähnelt (Abb. 3). Auch in derselben Wurzel treten zuweilen beide Anomalien zusammen auf. Die dritte Anomalie wird durch entgegengesetzt orientierte Leitbündel charakterisiert, welche durch die Wirkung des ältesten anomalen Kambiumringes entstehen (Abb. 2 u. 3)

Elastoplastic analysis of stress and deformation and determination of fracture parameters of bodies with stress concentrators under tensile loading

Cieľom práce je zostrojenie lomového diagramu pre vysokopevnú oceľ OCHN3MFA a jeho využitie pre odhad lomovej húževnatosti tohoto materiálu. Prvá časť práce obsahuje potrebnú teóriu pre výpočtové modelovanie ťahových skúšok rôznych skúšobných telies - hladkého telesa, telesa s vrubom a telesa s obvodovou trhlinou, popisuje vplyv triaxiality na lom telies a možnosti zostrojenia lomového diagramu. Následne je pre takéto telesá vytvorený výpočtový model využívajúci metódu konečných prvkov (MKP). Je prevedený nelineárny elastoplastický výpočet. Lom je určený porovnaním krivky skutočného napätia v závislosti na skutočnom pretvorení zo skúšok s výsledkami z konečnoprvkovej analýzy. Z výpočtového modelu je vyhodnotený deformačne-napäťový stav telies v okamihu lomu. Je zostrojený lomový diagram, ktorý je následne využitý pre odhad lomovej húževnatosti telesa s trhlinou. Nakoniec je porovnaný lokálny prístup využívajúci lomový diagram a klasický prístup lomovej mechaniky, teda faktor intenzity napätia.The aim of this thesis is the construction of a diagram of fracture strain for high strength steel OCHN3MFA and its application for the estimation of fracture toughness of this material. The first part of the thesis contains the necessary theoretical framework for numerical modelling of tensile tests of various specimens - smooth specimen, specimen with a notch and specimen with a circumferential crack, it describes the influence of triaxiality on the fracture of bodies and the possibilities of construction of the diagram of fracture strain. Subsequently, a numerical model of these specimens is created using the finite element method (FEM). A non-linear, elastoplastic calculation is performed. Fracture is identified by means of comparing the true stress versus the strain obtained from tests with the finite element analysis results. Stress–strain states of specimens at the moment of fracture are obtained from a numerical model. A diagram of fracture strain is constructed, and it is used to estimate the fracture toughness of a cracked body. Finally, a local approach, which uses the diagram of fracture strain, and a classical approach of fracture mechanics, especially the stress intensity factor, are compared.

Analysis of uncertainties in the calculation of residual stresses

Práca sa zaoberá analýzou neistôt pri výpočte zvyškových napätí, ktoré sú po hĺbke homogénne a merané metódou vŕtania otvoru. Stochastický prístup je vysvetlený na modeloch nosníkov. Nachádza sa tu teória zvyškových napätí. V jazyku Python je vytvorený zdrojový kód na vyhodnocovanie zvyškových napätí determisticky aj stochasticky. Je uskotočnená citlivostná analýza vstupných parametrov.This thesis is about analysis of uncertainties in the calculation of residual stresses, which are homogeneous and measured by the hole-drilling method. Stochastic approach is explained using models of beams. Theory of residual stresses is included. Source code for evaluating residual stresses deterministically and stochastically is created using the Python language. Sensitivity analysis of input parameters is performed.

Zystolithen und andere Zellwandverdickungen bei Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.

Die Zystolithen bilden sich bei der Springgurke in der Epidermis alter Stengel, manchmal auch in den Epidermiszellen der Blätter, und zwar um bestimmte Zentren herum, wie zum Beispiel um die Spaltöffnungen, in basalen Haarzellen und alterierten Epidermiszellen. Die Zystolithen mit warzenartiger Oberfläche sind mit Kalk inkrustiert, wogegen die Zystolithen mit Schichtenstruktur entweder schwach oder überhaupt nicht mit Kalk inkrustiert sind. Die ersteren Zystolithen leuchten intensiv zwischen den gekreuzten Nikolschen Prismen; ihre optische Anisotropie wird durch kristalisierten Kalk hervorgerufen. In der Stengenlepidermis sind auch halbkugelförmige Zellwandverdickungen zu beobachten. Es scheint, daß diese Verdickungen Jungendstadien von Zystolithen darstellen. Da sich die Zystolithen nur in den älteren Pflanzenteilen befinden und da sie in den Geweben unregelmäßig angeordnet sind, meinen wir, daß sie mehr pathologische als normale Gebilde darstellen

One’s own identity through others’ eyes – from auto-image of the Italian language culture and civilisation to hetero-image in the Croatian context

Opći je cilj istraživanja bio preko tri razine imagološke analize utvrditi u kojem su opsegu nacionalni stereotipi prisutni među kulturalnim znakovima u udžbenicima talijanskoga kao stranoga jezika koji su se koristili i koriste se na lektorskoj nastavi Odsjeka za talijanistiku, koje su temeljne binarne opreke najčešće prisutne pri govoru o Drugome ili o sebi te koja vrsta diskursa – činjenično izvještavanje ili stereotipizacija – prevladava u iskazima o vlastitom i stranom u tekstovima u udžbeniku. Specifični ciljevi bili su usporedba autopredodžbe proizašle iz udžbenika s heteropredodžbom studenata, usporedba predodžbe stranog i vlastitoga prostora te dobivanje imagema. Još jedan od specifičnih ciljeva bio je utvrditi prisutnost književnika imenom i tekstom te omjer zastupljenosti književnica i književnika u njima. U istraživanju je anketiran 171 student talijanskoga jezika i književnosti svih godina studija, a analiza udžbenika obuhvatila je ukupno 17 udžbenika i pripadajućih radnih bilježnica koji su prema godini objavljivanja grupirani u tri skupine. Istraživanje je potvrdilo hipotezu da su među kulturalnim znakovima prisutni i stereotipi o Talijanima i Italiji, ali se na razini vokabulara pokazalo da pri predstavljanju “talijanstva” ili “talijanskosti” atributi nacionalne karakterizacije imaju manju učestalost od ostalih kulturalnih znakova. Također je vidljivo da se oni izabiru prema retoričkom potencijalu kojega imaju tj. prema sposobnosti djelovanja na publiku. Rezultati istraživanja gramatike i retorike govora o sebi u analiziranim udžbenicima pokazuju da su iskazi pretežno činjenični i da naglasak nije na isticanju onoga što je različito od stranoga, već na onome što se doživljava kao italianissimo (vrlo talijanski), u značenju samoga superlativa apsolutnog pri kojemu nema drugoga elementa usporedbe. Podaci o strancima na razini gramatike pokazuju da se heteropredodžba konstruira s pozicije vlastite kulture. Na razini retorike iskaza o strancima stereotipizacija je dominantni način govora o Drugome, a učinak tipičnoga je nešto češća strategija stereotipizacije. Također je potvrđena hipoteza da se i teritorij na određeni način prikazuje stereotipno te da su u analiziranim udžbenicima književnici imenom i tekstovima znatno zastupljeniji od književnica. Rezultati ankete pokazali su da u predodžbi o Talijanima dominiraju osobne karakteristike s područja temperamenta i karaktera te fizičke karakteristike, da se pri nacionalnoj stereotipizaciji miješa deskriptivni i normativni diskurs, ali i da među atributima nacionalne karakterizacije postoji vrlo malo predrasuda.The theoretical basis of the analysis of cultural signs, self-images and heteroimages in the Italian language textbooks in this research study was Leerssen's theoretical and research approach aimed at studying national characterizations in (Western European) literature. Leerssen's imagological analysis of national images includes three levels: vocabulary, grammar and rhetoric. The general aim of this research was to use three levels of imagological analysis (vocabulary, grammar, rhetoric) to determine to what extent national stereotypes are present among the cultural signs that appear in the textbooks of Italian as a foreign language which are currently used or were at some point used in language classes at the Department of Italian at Zagreb University, which binary oppositions are most frequently present in the discourse of the Other or the self, as well as what type of discourse – factual reporting or stereotyping – is prevalent in the narratives of the native and the foreign in these textbooks. The specific goals, whose realization depended on the previously mentioned general aim, were to compare the selfimages derived from the textbook with the heteroimages of the students who use these images in classes, to compare the foreign and the native space and to get to the image, i.e. the notion of Italians and Italy presented in the textbooks by local authors which were used in the language classes in the Italian major program starting from the end of the 19th century and going to the mid-1990s. Another specific aim was to determine which female and male fiction writers were present in name and text, as well as to determine the ratio between the female and male authors in these textbooks. The research included a questionnaire which was answered by 171 students at the Italian language and literature program at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as the analysis of 17 textbooks and accompanying workbooks grouped together by their year of publication (Groups 1, 2, 3). The research has confirmed the hypothesis that among the cultural signs stereotypes about Italians and Italy were present, but at the level of vocabulary the analysis has shown that in the representation of “Italianism“ attributes of national characterization were less frequent than other cultural signs. The vocabulary of cultural signs also indicates that these signs were chosen on the basis of their rhetorical potential, i.e. their ability to affect the audience. Furthermore, as a rule the same cultural aspects and topics are not repeated in a textbook, but rather the same topic is approached form different aspects (e.g. the topic of immigration includes text about the immigration in Italy, texts about the time when Italians immigrated, positive and negative reactions to immigration, literature and films about immigration/migration). Therefore the same stereotypical utterances are rarely repeated in a single textbook, so the frequency of particular cultural signs, stereotypes being one of them, is low within a single textbook. However, since each topic featuring culture is in itself a matter of choice among a multitude of others, the topics included should be considered “marked, highlighted“ in comparison with the ones that are not present. Almost two thirds of the students who participated in the research confirmed that there were stereotypes on Italians in the textbook they use, but less than a third gave examples. The analysis of the grammar and rhetoric of the discourse on the self in the studied textbooks has revealed that the discourse was mostly factual and the point was not to emphasize what is different from the foreign, but rather to highlight what is perceived as italianissimo (very Italian), in the sense of the absolute superlative which does not allow for another element of comparison. Findings on foreigners (non-Italians) at the level of grammar shoe that binary oppositions that underlie utterances on foreigners are different from those on Italians, especially so in Group 3, where differences between home and foreign and more pronounced, and the heteroimage is construed from the aspect of the home culture. At the rhetorical level of utterances on foreigners stereotyping is the dominant mode of talking about others in all three groups, and the effect of the typical is a somewhat more frequent strategy of stereotyping than pseudopsychological characterization is. Most factual utterances appear in Group 1, and the fewest in Group 3, in which the effect of the typical is visibly prevalent. The analysis also confirmed the hypothesis that in the studied textbooks space would also be in a way represented stereotypically, meaning that in representing space the dominant image is the one derived from the cultural and historical identity of several cities or regions, with male authors being much more present both in name and text than the female ones. The results of the questionnaire given to students showed that dominant images of Italians were those related to temperament and character, as well as physical characteristics. Results concur with what Pageaux (2009) pointed out, namely that in national stereotyping two type of discourse co-occur, the descriptive (Italians are loud) and the normative (Italians can't speak foreign languages) kind, but among the attributes of national characterization there are very few prejudices, i.e. negative attitudes based on belonging to a group different from one's own. The image of space that derives from the textbooks is stable and there are no great oscillations in relation to the time of publishing. The cities of Rome, Milan, Venice, Florence,Naples and Turin, and recently Bologna, feature most prominently in the textbooks, whereas Tuscany and Sicily are the most prominent regions, followed by Campania, Lazio and Liguria. The stability of this image is confirmed by the students' answers in the questionnaires. Comparison of the images of home space found in Group 3 textbooks and foreign space found in students' questionnaires leads to the conclusion that these two almost fully match in the case of cities, whereas they are somewhat different in the case of regions. By comparing the heteroimage of the nation and space form Group 1 and 2 textbooks to that from students' questionnaires, it can be observed that this image oscillates, but some types of characterization are stable. What is stable is the perception of Italy as the cradle of arts, the land of great artists, opera, sun, blue sea and bright sky. Similarly, the image of Italians as open and hospitable people and Italy as a country that many foreigners visit does not change. In a diachronic perspective it is also clearly visible that some cultural signs and attributes of national characterization appear or disappear, or some characteristics change into their opposite. The research has also shown that the very territory of Italy is partially represented in the textbooks, stereotypically in terms of the North-South division, and that such representation matches the students' perception. Since Italian major program language classes are mandatory courses for future teachers, mediators between cultures and interpreters of cultural signs, more attention should be dedicated right from the beginning to widening the perception of the space covered by Italy, of its geographical and regional diversity as well as cultural differences stemming from this diversity, with a view to avoiding possible misunderstandings in some future communication, as well as avoiding further perpetuation of stereotypes. By comparing the image of Italian literature reconstructed from the textbooks to the image from student questionnaires we may observe that students' answers can be related to the entire study program in language and literature. Although part of the image of literature matches the image from the textbooks and most students have certainly read the literary texts as part of language classes material, it can't be conclusively claimed that these texts have significantly affected the reception of particular authors in this population. Recognizing and analyzing stereotypes can be a useful tool for building a more conscious relationship with a foreign culture, and imagology itself as a literary discipline can use textbook analysis as a potential for innovation in studying images of the Other, the modes of their spreading and their reception in non-literary contexts as well. Contemporary imagology is in the process of continual theoretical and methodological rethinking, and national stereotypes are not only found in images mediated through text. Since this research indicates that, apart from culture-civilization texts, stereotypical images may also appear in graphic additions to the text, in photographs and illustrations, these will also need to be taken into account in some future imagological research of national imageries, cultural identity and contemporary identity policies

Anomale Erscheinungen an den weiblichen Blüten von Cucurbita maxima var. turbaniformis Roemer

In einer weiblichen Blüte von Cucurbita maxima var. turbaniformis haben wir ein anomal entwickeltes knüppelförmiges Nektarium gefunden, auf welcher mehrere Samenanlagen und 6 Samen cca 3 mm lang zu sehen waren (Abb. 1). Diese anomale Erscheinung ist wahrscheinlich als somatische Mutation entstanden. An einigen jungen Früchten (3—4 cm) derselben Pflanze haben wir auch anomal entwickelte Narben beobachtet. In allen diesen Fällen war nur eine Narbenlappe anomal (Abb. 2). Die anomal entwickelte Narbenlappen waren fächerförmig und verdickt. Auf ihren Rändern wurden 9—12 Samen gefunden, die 3—3,5 mm lang war. Freiliegende Samen auf den Narben junger Früchte von Cucurbita maxima var. turbaniformis sind als atavistische Erscheinung zu betrachten