The intention to use real-time multimodal information to change travel behaviour. The use of psychosocial variables for the market segmentation.

Advanced Traveller Information Systems (ATIS) have been developed to encourage citizens to make better choices by making their travel more efficient and reliable. Another goal is to make mobility more sustainable. More precisely, the deployment of ATIS, especially multimodal real-time information systems, aims to induce a modal shift from the car to public transports (PT) or soft modes. This Ph.D. thesis assesses the impact on travel behaviour of an ATIS, TUeTO, developed for the city of Torino within the European project Opticities. To reach this objective, a mixed method analysis has been adopted, allowing the use of both quantitative and qualitative data gathered before and after the test of TUeTO. Psychosocial constructs were defined to segment the market, together with socioeconomic and travel characteristics, to understand which variables can induce a change of travel habits towards sustainable mobility. To this end, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on two questionnaires (one designed for the ex-ante phase of the Opticities project and the second designed ad hoc within the thesis work) to find psychosocial constructs related to the sample of 76 participants out of the 150 recruited within the project. A cluster analysis was subsequently performed to define different categories of people according to their willingness to use real-time multimodal information system to change travel behaviour. In addition, the use of qualitative data gathered through focus group discussions before and after the test of the app made possible to complete statistical analysis and investigate the cognitive mechanisms related to the use of ATIS. The textual analysis was made to verify the coherence of the clusters and gain insight regarding the issues related to the use of ATIS. The innovative methodology of this thesis using both qualitative and quantitative data had for aim to validate, determine, and characterize the clusters created thanks to the cluster analysis method. The quantitative data from the cluster analysis defined reliable categories of people willing to use ATIS to change travel behaviour after the test period, while the use of qualitative data was successful in deepening the understandings of the issue, although it did not validate all clusters created so far. Segmentation better characterized the attitudes of people towards the use of ATIS. In contrast to the literature, the statistical analysis showed that people who had the intention to use TUeTO before the test, were not willing to change their travel behaviour after. On the other hand, although it was expected that people willing to use an ATIS would be mainly car users, the analysis pointed out that public transport users were more interested in using the information. However, the shift of mode from the car to more sustainable alternatives might be limited since a small amount of people willing to change travel behaviour for the most frequent trip use a car. Content analysis opened a new perspective regarding the deployment of ATIS as a policy to change travel behaviours. While some participants pointed out the need to improve the reliability of TUeTO, others would have preferred an improvement of the public transport infrastructure either along with or instead of the deployment of the ATIS

Towards Smarter Urban Mobility: Willingness to Pay for an Advanced Traveller Information System in Lyon

Advanced traveller information systems (ATIS) are meant to assist people in their daily travel decisions as well as to prompt a shift from cars to alternative and more environmentally-friendly transport strategies. Not many comprehensive studies have been undertaken so far in order to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for ATIS, despite a development of these tools during the last two decades. This paper aims at analysing the WTP for Optymod’Lyon, a smartphone application which plans your journey travels using real-time information about all available transport modes. To this end, a quali-quantitative approach was adopted, administering a questionnaire to participants and organising focus groups before and after the test of the application. A sample of 42 people living in the metropolitan area of Lyon was involved. Results showed four clusters of participants: idealists, pragmatics, the ambiguous and opportunists. A strong majority of idealists and pragmatics were unwilling to pay, mainly for economic reasons and the availability on the market of free information. They record a lower share of trips to work and a higher share for leisure, shopping and study purposes. Those willing to pay (of which 37.8% were opportunists) report a low monthly charge level (0.2–3 €/month) and are mainly highly-educated car users, travelling for work

The future of road transport

A perfect storm of new technologies and new business models is transforming not only our vehicles, but everything about how we get around, and how we live our lives. The JRC report “The future of road transport - Implications of automated, connected, low-carbon and shared mobility” looks at some main enablers of the transformation of road transport, such as data governance, infrastructures, communication technologies and cybersecurity, and legislation. It discusses the potential impacts on the economy, employment and skills, energy use and emissions, the sustainability of raw materials, democracy, privacy and social fairness, as well as on the urban context. It shows how the massive changes on the horizon represent an opportunity to move towards a transport system that is more efficient, safer, less polluting and more accessible to larger parts of society than the current one centred on car ownership. However, new transport technologies, on their own, won't spontaneously make our lives better without upgrading our transport systems and policies to the 21st century. The improvement of governance and the development of innovative mobility solutions will be crucial to ensure that the future of transport is cleaner and more equitable than its car-centred present.JRC.C.4-Sustainable Transpor

Socio-Economic Impacts of Future Mobility Disruption Scenarios

A transition towards Autonomous, Connected and Electric (ACE) Vehicles on the road is likely to have significant socio-economic implications beyond the impacts foreseen in the passenger and freight transport sectors. This paper explores how the deployment of these technologies may impact the European Union's economy, employment and emissions. A number of impacts are in focus for this analysis. First, as new technologies for cars and trucks develop, the manufacturing of vehicles will change, with ramifications throughout the entire supply chain. Second, as these new vehicles penetrate the passenger and freight transport markets and the vehicle stock is renewed, further socio-economic shifts will result from their use on the road: the fuel mix and fuel efficiency will gradually evolve, together with emission intensity, triggering changes across energy extraction, production and distribution sectors. Their deployment will also affect demand for other goods and services, such as repair and maintenance, spare components, costs of freight and passenger transport services. These issues are analysed through scenario analysis using a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model: the JRC-GEM-E3. As a global economy-energy-environment CGE model, the JRC-GEM-E3 is extended to identify key sectors (e.g. vehicle manufacturing) and relationships of interest between road transport activity, fuel consumption, emissions and the rest of the economy. Three key scenarios – varying in terms of technology deployment and vehicle use – are modelled against a baseline scenario, to identify and disentangle the potential impacts of ACE trends on the EU economy, employment and the environment

Socio-Economic Impacts of Future Mobility Disruption Scenarios

A transition towards Autonomous, Connected and Electric (ACE) Vehicles on the road is likely to have significant socio-economic implications beyond the impacts foreseen in the passenger and freight transport sectors. This paper explores how the deployment of these technologies may impact the European Union's economy, employment and emissions. A number of impacts are in focus for this analysis. First, as new technologies for cars and trucks develop, the manufacturing of vehicles will change, with ramifications throughout the entire supply chain. Second, as these new vehicles penetrate the passenger and freight transport markets and the vehicle stock is renewed, further socio-economic shifts will result from their use on the road: the fuel mix and fuel efficiency will gradually evolve, together with emission intensity, triggering changes across energy extraction, production and distribution sectors. Their deployment will also affect demand for other goods and services, such as repair and maintenance, spare components, costs of freight and passenger transport services. These issues are analysed through scenario analysis using a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model: the JRC-GEM-E3. As a global economy-energy-environment CGE model, the JRC-GEM-E3 is extended to identify key sectors (e.g. vehicle manufacturing) and relationships of interest between road transport activity, fuel consumption, emissions and the rest of the economy. Three key scenarios – varying in terms of technology deployment and vehicle use – are modelled against a baseline scenario, to identify and disentangle the potential impacts of ACE trends on the EU economy, employment and the environment

Exploring the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles:Focus group discussions with experts and non-experts in transport

ABSTRACT: The successful deployment of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) will largely depend on public opinion. Expectations and concerns are essential components driving the speed of market uptake and final adoption of these technologies. We have studied user expectations and concerns, as well as their provenance, by conducting a series of Focus Group (FG) discussions with transport area experts and non-expert participants, in Italy, Germany, and Spain. Together with user acceptance, potential advantages and disadvantages that CAVs may bring at a societal level were explored. Results show that benefits like increased safety and accessibility and improved travel experience for both driver and passengers could support CAVs' deployment. Nevertheless, a variety of concerns were raised during the discussions, related to privacy, responsibility in case of an accident, and increase in maintenance and repair costs. These aspects could significantly hamper or delay CAVs acceptability and need to be carefully considered by stakeholders. The reported insights from the FG discussions and the fact that some participants noted positive changes of their initial idea of CAVs due to their participation in the discussion, exemplify the importance of citizen engagement activities to address mobility challenges.The views expressed here are purely those of the authors and may not, under any circumstances, be regarded as an official position of the European Commission. The authors wish to thank the Chair of the WISE-ACT COST Action, Nikolas Thomopoulos for his valuable support during this activity. The FG discussions organised by the German Aerospace Center are conducted within the project “D.Move – Data-Driven Mobility and Traffic Management” which is funded by DLR’s programmatic research funds as part of the Helmholtz Association. The FG discussions organised by the University of Cantabria are part of the project "AUTONOMOUS - InnovAtive Urban and Transport planning tOols for the implementation of New mObility systeMs based On aUtonomouS driving”, 2020-2023, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation / ERDF (EU) (PID2019-110355RB-I00)”. Moreover, the research team would like to thank all the respondents that took part in the FG discussions and made this research possible