Clinical practice guidelines for BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene pathogenic variants account for most hereditary breast cancer and are increasingly used to determine eligibility for PARP inhibitor (PARPi) therapy of BRCA-related cancer. Because issues of BRCA testing in clinical practice now overlap with both preventive and therapeutic management, updated and comprehensive practice guidelines for BRCA genotyping are needed. The integrative recommendations for BRCA testing presented here aim to (1) identify individuals who may benefit from genetic counselling and risk-reducing strategies; (2) update germline and tumour-testing indications for PARPi-approved therapies; (3) provide testing recommendations for personalised management of early and metastatic breast cancer; and (4) address the issues of rapid process and tumour analysis. An international group of experts, including geneticists, medical and surgical oncologists, pathologists, ethicists and patient representatives, was commissioned by the French Society of Predictive and Personalised Medicine (SFMPP). The group followed a methodology based on specific formal guidelines development, including (1) evaluating the likelihood of BRCAm from a combined systematic review of the literature, risk assessment models and expert quotations, and (2) therapeutic values of BRCAm status for PARPi therapy in BRCA-related cancer and for management of early and advanced breast cancer. These international guidelines may help clinicians comprehensively update and standardise BRCA testing practices

First evidence of AXL expression on circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer patients: A proof‐of‐concept study

Abstract Background For several years, the AXL tyrosine kinase receptor, a member of the Tyro3‐Axl‐Mer (TAM) family, has been considered a new strategic target in oncology. AXL overexpression is common in solid tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. In this context, the detection of a subset of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that express AXL (AXL+ CTCs) could be clinically relevant. Methods Immunostaining was performed to assess AXL expression in human breast cancer cell lines. The optimal conditions were established using flow cytometry. Spiking experiments were carried out to optimize the parameters of the CellSearch® system detection test. CTC enumeration and AXL expression were evaluated in patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) before treatment initiation. Results An innovative AXL+ CTC detection assay to be used with the CellSearch® system was developed. In a prospective longitudinal clinical trial, blood samples from 60 patients with untreated mBC were analyzed to detect AXL+ CTCs with this new assay. CTCs were detected in 35/60 patients (58.3%) and AXL+ CTCs were identified in 7 of these 35 patients (11.7% of all patients). Conclusion This newly established AXL+ CTC assay is a promising tool that can be used for liquid biopsy in future clinical trials to stratify and monitor patients with cancer receiving anti‐AXL therapies

Strengthening European Food Chain Sustainability by Quality and Procurement Policy: Methods and indicators for measuring the social, environmental and economic impacts of food quality schemes

The present methodological handbook provides the methodologies which will be applied in each work package of the Strength2Food project. In particular, it contains a list of indicators on how to assess sustainability in food and agro-food supply chains. This methodological handbook aims at facilitating the task for field studies, both proposing several prioritizations (indicator, variable, value chain level), detailing how we will combine relatively common variables (eg., number of animals per hectare, …) into indicators (eg., carbon footprint) and indicating how we will provide default values for the majority of the requested variables (for one indicator, providing only 2-3 case-specific values and relying on default values for the other variables is enough to obtain a case-specific indicator). Methods and issues specific to each workpackage are also discussed in dedicated sections and the description of each indicator include a description of whether and how the indicator will be applied to Food Quality Schemes (WP5), Public Sector Procurement Policies (WP6) and Short Food Supply Chains (WP7)

Methods and indicators for measuring the social, environmental and economic impacts of food quality schemes

The present methodological handbook provides the methodologies which will be applied in each work package of the Strength2Food project. In particular, it contains a list of indicators on how to assess sustainability in food and agro-food supply chains. This methodological handbook aims at facilitating the task for field studies, both proposing several prioritizations (indicator, variable, value chain level), detailing how we will combine relatively common variables (eg., number of animals per hectare, …) into indicators (eg., carbon footprint) and indicating how we will provide default values for the majority of the requested variables (for one indicator, providing only 2-3 case-specific values and relying on default values for the other variables is enough to obtain a case-specific indicator). Methods and issues specific to each workpackage are also discussed in dedicated sections and the description of each indicator include a description of whether and how the indicator will be applied to Food Quality Schemes (WP5), Public Sector Procurement Policies (WP6) and Short Food Supply Chains (WP7)

Региональная интеграция и прямые иностранные инвестиции

Секция 4 «Современные тенденции развития мировой экономики и международных экономических отношений