Action Of Essential Oils From Brazilian Native And Exotic Medicinal Species On Oral Biofilms

Background: Essential oils (EO) obtained from twenty medicinal and aromatic plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the EO was evaluates by microdilution method determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. Chemical analysis of the oils compounds was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). The most active EO were also investigated as to their actions on the biolfilm formation. Results: The most of the essential oils (EO) presented moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens (MIC - Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations values between 0.007 and 1.00mg/mL). The essential oil from Coriandrum sativum inhibited all oral species with MIC values from 0.007 to 0.250mg/mL, and MBC/MFC (Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations) from 0.015 to 0.500mg/mL. On the other hand the essential oil of C. articulatus inhibited 63.96% of S. sanguis biofilm formation. Through Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM) images no changes were observed in cell morphology, despite a decrease in biofilm formation and changes on biofilm structure. Chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the C. sativum essential oil revealed major compounds derivatives from alcohols and aldehydes, while Cyperus articulatus and Aloysia gratissima (EOs) presented mono and sesquiterpenes. Conclusions: In conclusion, the crude oil from C. articulatus exhibited the best results of antimicrobial activity e ability to control biofilm formation. The chemical analysis showed the presence of terpenes and monoterpenes such as a-pinene, a-bulnesene and copaene. The reduction of biofilms formation was confirmed from SEM images. The results of this research shows a great potential from the plants studied as new antimicrobial sources.141Kolenbrander, P.E., Oral microbial communities: biofilms, interactions, and genetic systems (2000) Annu Rev Microbiol, 54, pp. 413-437Spratt, P.A., Pratten, J., Biofilms and the oral cavity (2003) Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 2, pp. 463-467Kolembrander, P.E., Multispecies communities: interspecies interactions influence growth on saliva as sole nutritional source (2011) Int J Oral Sci, 3, pp. 49-54Marsh, P.D., Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style (2005) J Clin Periodontol, 32, pp. 7-15Bernimoulin, J.P., Recent concepts in plaque formation (2003) J Clin Periodontol, 30, pp. 7-9Marsh, P.D., Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? (2003) Microbiology, 149, pp. 279-294Filoche, S.K., Soma, K., Sissons, C.H., Antimicrobial effects of essencial oils in combination with chlorexidine digluconate (2005) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 20, pp. 221-225Rosenthal, S., Spangberg, L., Safavi, K., Conn, F., Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin (2004) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 98, pp. 488-492Zheng, C.Y., Wang, Z.H., Effects of chlorhexidine, listerine and fluoride listerine mouthrinses on four putative root-caries pathogens in the biofilm (2011) Chin J Dent Res, 14, pp. 135-140Lang, G., Buchbauer, G., A review on recent research results (2008-2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals (2012) Rev Flavour Fragr J, 27, pp. 13-39Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L., Ferret, A., Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rúmen microbial fermentation (2007) J Dairy Sci, 6, pp. 2580-2595Khan, A., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., Induction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of the antifungal action of three phenylpropanoids (2011) FEMS Yeast Res, 11, pp. 114-122Cha, J.D., Jeong, M.R., Jeong, S.I.I., Moon, S.E., Kil, B.S., Yun, S.I.I., Lee, K.Y., Song, Y.H., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cryptomeria japonica (2007) Phytother Res, 21, pp. 295-299Maggi, F., Cacchini, C., Cresci, A., Coman, M.M., Tirillini, B., Sagratini, G., Papa, F., Vittori, S., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hypericum hircinum L. Subsp. majus essential oil (2010) Chem Nat Compd, 1, pp. 125-129Nascimento, P.F.C., Alviano, W.S., Nascimento, A.L.C., Santos, P.O., Arrigoni-Blank, M.F., Jesus, R.A., Azevedo, V.G., Trindade, R.C., Hyptis pectinata essential oil: chemical composition and anti-Streptococcus mutans activity (2008) Oral Dis, 14, pp. 485-489Gorelov, V.E., Aksel'rod, L.S., Migalisnkaya, L.N., An investigation of the hydraulics and effectiveness of fractionation columns with sieve packing (1971) Chem Petrol Eng, 7, pp. 211-214Duarte, M.C.T., Figueira, G.M., Sartoratto, A., Rehder, V.L., Delarmelina, C., Anti-Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants (2005) J Ethnopharmacol, 97, pp. 305-311Adams, R.P., (2007) Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4. , USA: Allured publishing Edited by Carol Stream Ill(2002) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for yeast, , Approved Standard CLSI document M27-A2. Volume 22 2nd edition. Edited by: FortWayne Ind USA(2005) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, , In Approved Standard CLSI document M07-A6. Volume 26 6th edition. Edited by: FortWayne Ind USAHafidh, R.R., Abdulamir, A.S., Vern, L.S., Bakar, F.A., Abas, F., Jahanshiri, F., Sekawi, Z., Inhibition of growth of highly resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens by a natural product (2011) Open Microbiol J, 5, pp. 96-106Niu, C., Gilbert, E.S., Colorimetric method for identifying plant essential Oil components that affect biofilm formation and structure (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, pp. 6951-6956Djordjevic, D., Wiedmann, M., McLandsborough, L.A., Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, pp. 2950-2958Hawser, S.P., Douglas, L.J., Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro (1994) Infect Immun, 62, pp. 915-921Furletti, V.F., Teixeira, I.P., Obando-Pereda, G., Mardegan, R.C., Sartoratto, A., Figueira, G.M., Duarte, R.M.T., Höfling, J.F., Action of Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil upon oral Candida albicans biofilm formation (2011) Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/985832Oladusu, I.A., Usman, L.A., Olawore, N.O., Atata, R.F., Antibacterial activity of rhizomes essential oils of types of Cyperus articulatus Growing in Nigeria (2011) Ad Bio Res, 5, pp. 179-183Botelho, M.A., Nogueira, N.A.P., Bastos, G.M., Fonseca, S.G.C., Lemos, T.L.G., Matos, F.J.A., Montenegro, D., Brito, G.A.C., Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens (2007) Braz J Med Biol Res, 40, pp. 349-356Donlan, R.M., Costerton, J.W., Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms (2002) Clin Microbiol Rev, 15, pp. 167-193Hope, C.K., Wilson, M., Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral-biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity (2004) Antimicrob Agents Ch, 48, pp. 1461-1468Chandra, J., Antifungal resistance of Candida biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro (2003) J Dent Res, 80, pp. 903-908Hendry, E.R., Worthington, T., Conway, B.R., Lambert, P.A., Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole against microorganisms grow in planktonic and biofilm cultures (2009) J Antimicrob Chemother, 64, pp. 1219-1225Carson, C.F., Me, B.J., Riley, T.V., Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, pp. 1914-1920Martins, A., Salgueiro, L.R., Gonçalves, M.J., Proença, S.C., Vila, A., Canigueral, R., Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Santiria trimera bark (2003) Planta Med, 69, pp. 77-79Galvão, L.C.C., Furletti, V.F., Bersan, S.M.F., Cunha, M.G., Ruiz, A.L.T.G., Carvalho, J.E., Sartoratto, A., Rosalen, P.L., Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against streptococcus mutans and their antiproliferative effects (2012) J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 40, pp. 1-12Douglas, L.J., Candida biofilms and their role in infection (2004) Trends Microbiol, 11, pp. 30-36Begnami, A.F., Duarte, M.C.T., Furletti, V., Rehder, V.L.G., Antimicrobial potential of Coriandrum sativum L. against different Candida species in vitro (2010) Food Chem, 118, pp. 74-77Dorman, H., Deans, S., Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils (2000) J Appl Microbiol, 88, pp. 308-316Mercier, B., Prost, J., Prost, M., The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (alpha-and beta-pinenes): a review (2009) Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 22, pp. 331-342Delaquis, P.J., Stanich, K., Girard, B., Mazza, G., Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils (2001) Int J Food Microbiol, 74, pp. 101-109Kim, K., Kim, Y., Yu, H., Jeong, S., Cha, J., Kil, B., You, Y., Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Chrysanthemun boreal (2003) Planta Med, 69, pp. 274-277Silva, F., Ferreira, S., Queiroz, J.A., Domingues, F.C., Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oils: its antibacterial activity and mode of action evaluated by flow cytometry (2011) J Med Microbiol, 60, pp. 1479-1486Khan, A., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its active principles exert their antifungal activity by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity (2010) Res Microbiol, 161, pp. 816-823Pavithra, P.S., Sreevidya, N., Verma, R.S., Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Pamburus missionis (2009) J Ethnopharmacol, 124, pp. 151-153Magwa, M.L., Gundidza, M., Gwerua, N., Humphrey, G., Chemical composition and biological activities essential oil from the leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum (2006) J Ethnopharmacol, 103, pp. 85-8

Antimicrobial Activity And Differentiation Of Anthocyanin Profiles Of Rabbiteye And Highbush Blueberries Using Hplc–dad–esi-msn And Multivariate Analysis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)This study aims to perform in vitro analyses of the antimicrobial activity of ten blueberry cultivars, to characterize the anthocyanin composition of these fruits, and to use multivariate analysis to compare the results. All blueberry cultivars presented anti-Escherichia coli activity. Furthermore, the complete series of six glycosides (galactoside, glucoside, arabinoside, xyloside, acetylgalactoside and acetylglucoside) of five anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin) were detected, together with six malonyl derivatives of the main anthocyanins. The rabbiteye cultivars showed higher proportions of cyanidin 3-galactoside than the highbush cultivars, the latter accounting for higher proportions of the 3-arabinosides of delphinidin and malvidin. The total anthocyanin content was between 10.8 and 26.5 g/kg of dry weight, and the concentration depended on the size of the berries, with the smaller rabbiteye cultivars exhibiting higher levels of anthocyanins. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd26506516CAPES, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorESF, Fondo Social EuropeoUNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de CampinasCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Prenylated Flavonoids From Roots Of Dahlstedtia Glaziovii (fabaceae)

A phytochemical study of roots of Dahlstedtia glaziovii (Fabaceae) furnished a new dibenzoylmethane (glaziovione), along with eighteen known compounds. Their structures were determined through 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (heteronuclear single quantum coherence, HSQC, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, HMBC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) spectral analyses. The antiproliferative activity was investigated for the crude extracts, the dibenzoylmethanes 2'-methoxy-8-(a-a-dimethylallyl)-furano- [4",5":3',4']- dibenzoylmethane, 3,4-methylenedioxy-2'-methoxy-8-(a-a- dimethylallyl)-furano-[4",5":3',4']- dibenzoylmethane and pongamol, and the flavones lanceolatin B, karanjin, pongapin and 3',4'-methylenedioxy-2'', 2''-dimethylpyrano-[5'',6'':8,7]-flavone. The dibenzoylmethanes were more active than the flavones.The extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects, but none was shown to be active. © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.2569951001Da Silva, M.J., Queiroz, L.P., Tozzi, A.M.G.A., Lewis, G.P., Souza, A.P., (2012) Taxon, 61, p. 93Garcez, F.R., Scramin, S., Do Nascimento, M., Mors, W.B., (1988) Phytochemistry, 27, p. 1079Pietta, P.G., (2000) J. Nat. Prod, 63, p. 1035Shirley, B.W., (1996) Trends Plant Sci, 11, p. 377Guaratini, T., Callejon, D.R., Pires, D.C., Lopes, J.N.C., Lima, L.M., Neto, D.G., Sustovich, C., Lopes, N.P., (2009) Quim. Nova, 32, p. 717Cushnie, T.P.T., Lamb, A.J., (2005) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 26, p. 343Ko, H., Tsao, L.-T., Yu, K.-L., Liu, C.-T., Wang, J.-P., Lin, C.-N., (2003) Bioorg. Med. Chem, 11, p. 105Pan, L., Chai, H., Kinghorn, A.D., (2010) Phytochem. Lett, 3, p. 1Harborne, J.B., Williams, C.A., (2000) Phytochemistry, 55, p. 481Spencer, J.P.E., (2009) Chem. Soc. Rev, 38, p. 1152López, S., Castelli, M., Zacchino, S., Domínguez, J., Lobo, G., Charris-Charris, J., Cortes, G.J.C., Enriz, R.D., (2001) Bioorg. Med. Chem, 9, p. 1999Havsteen, B.H., (2002) Pharmacol. Ther, 96, p. 67Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI document M27-A2, , Método de Referência para Testes de Diluição em Caldo para Determinação da Sensibilidade de Leveduras à Terapia AntifúngicaNorma Aprovada, 2a ed.CLSI: Wayne, PA, 2002Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI document M7-A6, , Metodologia dos Testes de Sensibilidade a Agentes Antimicrobianos por Diluição para Bactéria de Crescimento AeróbicoNorma Aprovada, 6a ed.CLSI: Wayne, PA, 2003Monks, A., Scudeiro, D., Skehan, P., Shoemaker, R., Paull, K., Vistica, D., Hose, C., Boyd, M., (1991) J. Natl. Cancer Inst, 83, p. 757Magalhães, A.F., Tozzi, A.M.G.A., Magalhães, E.G., Blanco, I.S., Nogueira, M.A., (1997) Phytochemistry, 46, p. 1029Talapatra, S.K., Mallik, A.K., Talapatra, B., (1980) Phytochemistry, 19, p. 1199Magalhães, A.F., Tozzi, A.M.G.A., Magalhães, E.G., Sannomiya, M., Soriano, M.D.P.C., Perez, M.A.F., (2007) An. Acad. Bras. Cienc, 79, p. 351Sharma, P., Seshadri, T.R., Mukerjee, S.K., (1973) Indian J. Chem, 11, p. 985Pathak, V.P., Saini, T.R., Khanna, R.N., (1983) Phytochemistry, 22, p. 1303Do Nascimento, M., Mors, W.B., (1972) Phytochemistry, 11, p. 3023Gupta, R.K., Krishnamurti, M., (1976) Phytochemistry, 15, p. 2011Tanaka, T., Iinuma, M., Yuki, K., Fujii, Y., Mizuno, M., (1992) Phytochemistry, 31, p. 993Mahey, S., Sharma, P., Seshadri, T.R., Mukerjee, S.K., (1972) Indian J. Chem, 10, p. 585Khanna, R.N., Seshadri, T.R., (1963) Tetrahedron, 19, p. 219Mukerje, S.K., Sarkar, S.C., Sewadri, T.R., (1969) Tetrahedron, 25, p. 1063Vasconcelos, J.N., Santiago, G.M.P., Lima, J.Q., Mafezoli, J., De Lemos, T.L.G., Da Silva, F.R.L., Lima, M.A.S., Cesarin-Sobrinho, D., (2012) Quim. Nova, 35, p. 1097Magalhães, A.F., Tozzi, A.M.G.A., Sales, B.H.L.N., Magalhães, E.G., (1996) Phytochemistry, 42, p. 1459Magalhães, A.F., Tozzi, A.M.G.A., Magalhães, E.G., Blanco, I.S., Soriano, M.D.P.C., (2004) An. Acad. Bras. Cienc, 76, p. 65

Integrated stoichiometric, thermodynamic and kinetic modelling of steady state metabolism

The quantitative analysis of biochemical reactions and metabolites is at frontier of biological sciences. The recent availability of high-throughput technology data sets in biology has paved the way for new modelling approaches at various levels of complexity including the metabolome of a cell or an organism. Understanding the metabolism of a single cell and multi-cell organism will provide the knowledge for the rational design of growth conditions to produce commercially valuable reagents in biotechnology. Here, we demonstrate how equations representing steady state mass conservation, energy conservation, the second law of thermodynamics, and reversible enzyme kinetics can be formulated as a single system of linear equalities and inequalities, in addition to linear equalities on exponential variables. Even though the feasible set is non-convex, the reformulation is exact and amenable to large-scale numerical analysis, a prerequisite for computationally feasible genome scale modelling. Integrating flux, concentration and kinetic variables in a unified constraint-based formulation is aimed at increasing the quantitative predictive capacity of flux balance analysis. Incorporation of experimental and theoretical bounds on thermodynamic and kinetic variables ensures that the predicted steady state fluxes are both thermodynamically and biochemically feasible. The resulting in silico predictions are tested against fluxomic data for central metabolism in Escherichia coli and compare favourably with in silico prediction by flux balance analysis.National University of Ireland, Galway, Science Faculty Fellowship. I.T. was supported by NIH grant Grant 5R01GM057089-11.Deposited by bulk impor

Morfoanatomia e histoquímica da semente de sororoca (Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Endl. - Strelitziaceae)

Phenakospermum guyannense, popularly known in the Amazon as sororoca, is usually found along rivers and in ombrophilous environments. The objective of this study was to describe the morpho-anatomy and histochemistry of mature seeds of P. guyannense collected at the Urubuí Waterfall, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas state, Brazil. Seed anatomy was studied using a light and a scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Histochemical tests were performed to identify phenolic compounds, starch, protein and lipids. The mature seed of P. guyannense is stenospermic, with a black seed coat composed of several layers of different cell types, with most containing phenolic compounds. The hilum is punctiform, surrounded by cells, which form the aryl. The endosperm is solid, formed by tetrahedral cells containing starch and protein. The embryo, which is cylindrical and located in the proximal region, is basal capitate, with cells containing lipids and proteins and is composed of a slightly dilated hypocotyl-radicle axis. The haustorium is flattened and located in the distal region