Infeção por HPV e EBV em tumores de cabeça e pescoço

Mestrado em Bioquímica - Bioquímica ClínicaO cancro de cabeça e pescoço é o quinto com maior incidência em Portugal e representa um grave problema de saúde pública com cerca de 43 000 novos casos por ano. Adicionalmente ao tabaco e álcool, os vírus foram também associados ao desenvolvimento deste tipo de patologias, nomeadamente o Vírus do Papiloma Humano e o Vírus Epstein-Barr. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar a prevalência da infeção pelo EBV e HPV nos tumores de cabeça e pescoço; comparar a prevalência viral nas diferentes amostras; e avaliar a presença de DNA viral na saliva como possível biomarcador preditivo do cancro de cabeça e pescoço. O estudo foi realizado em 68 doentes (3 mulheres e 65 homens) diagnosticados com HNC, com uma idade mediana de 55 anos (34-87). A infeção por HPV foi detetada em DNA de amostras de saliva e tecido por PCR. A deteção de EBV foi feita usando um protocolo in house de PCR em tempo real. A frequência geral da infeção na saliva foi 2.9% (2/66) para o HPV e 74.2% (49/66) para o EBV. Nos tecidos a prevalência da infeção foi 7.1% (3/40) para o HPV e 52.4% (22/40) para o EBV. Apesar de apenas existirem 2 casos positivos na saliva e 3 nos tecidos, a genotipagem revelou 4 casos positivos para HPV 16. Observamos que não existe excreção de HPV na saliva dos doentes com carcinomas HPV negativos, enquanto que em 2 dos 3 carcinomas HPV positivos observou-se a excreção e HPV, o que nos leva a concluir que a excreção de HPV na saliva deverá ser estudada como um possível marcador de patologia maligna da cavidade oral. Pelo contrário, relativamente ao EBV, concluímos que a excreção de EBV na saliva não pode ser utilizada como biomarcador preditivo da existência de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço, uma vez que nos casos de carcinoma EBV negativos existe igualmente excreção de EBV na saliva.Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the fifth most frequently in Portugal and is a serious public health problem with almost 43.000 new cases per year. Besides tobacco smoke and alcohol, viruses were associated with the development of HNC, in particular Human Papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of HPV, and EBV in saliva and tissue samples of head and neck cancer patients. This study was performed with 68 patients (3 women and 65 men), diagnosed with HNC with median age 55 years old (range 34-87). Infection of HPV was detected in DNA saliva and tissue by PCR using consensus primers and genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Detection of EBV was performed using an in house Real time-PCR protocol. The overall frequency of infection in saliva was 2.9% (2/66) for HPV and 74.2% (49/66) for EBV. In tissues, the prevalence of infection was 7.1% (3/40) for HPV and 52.4% (22/40) for EBV. Despite only 2 positive cases in saliva and 3 in tissues, genotyping revealed 4 cases to be HPV16 positive. It was observed that there was no excretion of HPV in saliva in patients with HPV negative carcinoma, while in two of the three HPV positive carcinoma occurred excretion of HPV, leading to the conclusion that HPV excretion in saliva must be studied as a possible marker of malignancy of the oral cavity. In contrast, we have concluded that the excretion of EBV in saliva cannot be used as a biomarker predictive of the presence of carcinoma of the head and neck, such as in carcinoma EBV-negative has also occurred excretion of EBV in saliva

Para uma interação das competências comunicativas: Oralidade, Leitura, Escrita e Funcionamento da Língua

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino do Português e das Línguas Clássicas no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino SecundárioEste relatório incide sobre a minha Prática de Ensino Supervisionada na Escola Secundária Padre Alberto Neto, em Queluz, e na Escola Secundária de Camões, em Lisboa, ao longo do ano letivo de 2011/2012. A descrição da PES e respetiva reflexão crítica centrar-se-ão na observação de aulas e lecionação das disciplinas de Português ao 11º e 12º anos, de Literatura Portuguesa ao 10º ano e Latim ao 10º ano

Pain overview: classification, conceptual framework, and assessment

The ability to evict noxious stimulus increases the likelihood of surviving. It is the result of interactions between specialized cells, the spinal cord, and the brain. Nociceptive pain is related to direct injury of the body. Other forms of pain may not be linked to visible injury. Being multidimensional in nature, classification attempts are unable to embark the plethora of elements that constitute pain. Pain theories can explain the nociceptive quality of it while failing to explain other qualities. Efforts culminated in the development of gate control theory, which spawned many advances in pain management. Assessment tools are useful to determine the intensity of pain and its impact on quality of life. Judicious use of these scales allows healthcare professionals to proper manage patients pain and are validated instruments widely used in research. This short review aims to expand awareness about the phenomenon of pain, its mechanisms, and its measurement.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Refletindo sobre a Prática Pedagógica e investigando sobre as conceções de Bullying dos alunos de uma turma de 4.º ano de escolaridade

O presente relatório refere-se à Prática de Ensino Supervisionada do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, estando divido em duas partes. A primeira parte concerne à dimensão reflexiva da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, nos contextos de Creche, Jardim de Infância e 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (1.º e 4.º ano de escolaridade), onde foram refletidas e analisadas vivências e aprendizagens realizadas nos diferentes contextos. Nesta parte destaco a importância que a observação e planificação tiveram na minha formação, passando pela importância da abordagem de projeto, e os contornos que esta assume. Faço referência ainda ao desafio que foi avaliar e a importância que teve a prática reflexiva. Na segunda parte, que se refere à componente investigativa, realizada em contexto da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, com uma turma de 4.º ano, teve como finalidade conhecer as conceções dos alunos acerca do bullying. Optei por um estudo de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, dado que se analisaram as conceções dos alunos acerca do bullying no início da investigação, e após a realização de uma sequência de aprendizagem construída com o objetivo de permitir a discussão e o alargamento da visão dos alunos sobre o tema. Face aos resultados obtidos, é possível dizer que de um modo geral houve mudança na conceção dos alunos acerca da temática. Mudança essa, intrínsecamente ligada às propostas desenvolvidas durante o processo de ensino/aprendizagem

Incidencia de la política criminal frente al acelerado crecimiento de la comisión de delitos por parte de la población adolescente colombiana

Este escrito permite dilucidar la política criminal que el Estado colombiano ejecuta en el ámbito de la población adolescente, el cual se encuentra plasmado en normas y procedimientos, contrastando con los principios y valores consagrados en la Carta Política de 1991, es por ello que se coloca en marcha el sistema de responsabilidad penal para adolescentes descrito en la ley 1098 de 2006 Código de Infancia y Adolescencia, identifica no solo sus beneficios sino las contradicciones, matices y vacíos que presenta, y que vale la pena resaltar a fin de generar conciencia en la sociedad sobre la problemática que se esconde tras un texto normativo que concede garantías a una población que con el paso del tiempo es procaz en la ejecución de conductas típicas, antijurídicas y culpables, poniendo en jaque el aparato estatal frente a las garantías a esta población adolescente y la forma de prevenir y sancionar su actuar. Los acontecimientos sociales y políticos propios de la modernización de un estado – nación, frente al acelerado crecimiento en la tasa de conductas antijurídicas cometidas por la población adolescente subyacen en un sistema de responsabilidad penal para adolescentes contenido en una norma con el propósito de explorar la política criminal que el Estado desarrolla a través del denominado iuspunendi, es decir, la potestad que tiene el Estado de sancionar a quien ha infringido la ley. El derecho penal no sólo se circunscribe al conjunto de normas penales desarrolladas a través del derecho positivo, abarca entonces el conjunto de normas propias que desarrollan el sistema penal colombiano, la rama judicial y los demás agentes, así como las denominadas medidas de seguridad pos delictuales para inimputables y las sanciones de que trata la Ley 1098 de 2006. El presente estudio obedece a un tipo de investigación descriptiva-cualitativa, el diseño de esta investigación no es experimental, porque no se manipulan las variables, sino que se observan tal y como son en su contexto natural para ser analizadas.This document allows to elucidate the criminal policy that the Colombian State executes in the area of the adolescent population, which is embodied in norms and procedures, in contrast with the principles and values enshrined in the 1991 political letter, that is why it is placed the criminal responsibility system for adolescents described in the law 1098 of 2006 Code of Childhood and Adolescence, identifies not only its benefits but the contradictions, nuances and voids that it presents, and that it is worth highlighting in order to generate awareness in the society on the problem that hides behind a normative text that grants guarantees to a population that with the passage of time is precarious in the execution of typical, unlawful and guilty behaviors, putting in check the state apparatus against the guarantees to this adolescent population and the way to prevent and punish their actions. The social and political events of the modernization of a nation - state, in contrast to the accelerated growth in the rate of unlawful behavior committed by the adolescent population, underlies a system of criminal responsibility for adolescents contained in a norm with the purpose of exploring politics. Criminal that the State develops through the so-called iuspunendi, that is, the power that the State has to punish those who have violated the law. Criminal law is not only limited to the set of criminal rules developed through positive law, it also encompasses the set of rules developed by the Colombian criminal system, the judicial branch and other agents, as well as the so-called post-criminal security measures. For non-attributable and the sanctions that are dealt with by Law 1098 of 2006. The present study obeys a type of descriptive-qualitative research, the design of this research is not experimental, because the variables are not manipulated, but they are observed as such They are in their natural context to be analyzed.Universidad Libre Seccional Socorro - Facultad de derecho y ciencias política

Molluscicide Effect of Sapindus saponaria Fruit on Galba cubensis, an Intermediate Host of Fasciolosis in Cuba

Galba cubensis is the main intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Cuba. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the molluscicide effect of Sapindus saponaria L. on Galba cubensis in laboratory conditions, in order to recommend this plant for ecological control of this snail. Different concentrations of the hydroalcoholic extract of six-month old S. saponaria pericarp were tested on G. cubensis individuals, based on the methodology of the World Health Organization. The concentration gradient was used to determine LC50 and LC90, which then were tested to estimate the heartbeat frequency of these mollusks. The molluscicide effect of the plant extract was considerable (P≤0.01; R2=60.6), with concentration-dependent mortality and a drop of heartbeat frequency. Significant differences were observed between LC50=39.8 mg/L and LC90=67.9mg/L, in the test to lower heartbeat frequency (P≤0.01), and between LC90 and the control group (P≤0.01), but not between the control group and LC50 and (P=0.24). Molluscicide activity in the plant material was still present after six months of application, which was an important fact to recommend this plant as a candidate to control intermediate hosts of Fasciolosis in our region.Galba cubensis is the main intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Cuba. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the molluscicide effect of Sapindus saponaria L. on Galba cubensis in laboratory conditions, in order to recommend this plant for ecological control of this snail. Different concentrations of the hydroalcoholic extract of six-month old S. saponaria pericarp were tested on G. cubensis individuals, based on the methodology of the World Health Organization. The concentration gradient was used to determine LC50 and LC90, which then were tested to estimate the heartbeat frequency of these mollusks. The molluscicide effect of the plant extract was considerable (P≤0.01; R2=60.6), with concentration-dependent mortality and a drop of heartbeat frequency. Significant differences were observed between LC50=39.8 mg/L and LC90=67.9mg/L, in the test to lower heartbeat frequency (P≤0.01), and between LC90 and the control group (P≤0.01), but not between the control group and LC50 and (P=0.24). Molluscicide activity in the plant material was still present after six months of application, which was an important fact to recommend this plant as a candidate to control intermediate hosts of Fasciolosis in our region

Do adolescents exposed to peer aggression at school consider themselves to be victims of bullying? The influence of sex and age

Introduction Exposure to peer aggression (PA) and bullying victimization (BV) are both expressions of peer victimization. Objectives In four age-sex groups, (1) Can exposure to PA and BV be considered distinct experiences? (2) To what extent do adolescents exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims? and (3) What is the effect on BV of the number of PA events experienced? Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated a probabilistic community-based sample of 669 adolescents (11-15 years, 51.7% girls). A three-stage probabilistic sampling plan involved random selection of census units, eligible households, and one target child per household selected. A 15-item scale investigated exposure to PA events (physical aggression, verbal harassment, social manipulation) occurring more than once in the past six months. BV occurring more than once a week or most days in the past six months was investigated after presenting respondents with a BV definition that required them to feel harmed by their victimization experiences. Results Adolescents exposed to PA and/or BV reported PA only (76.2%), BV only (4.7%), and both (19.1%). Rates of BV among those exposed to PA were as follows: 11-to-12-year-old boys (22.7%), 13-to-15-year-old boys (9.7%), 11-to-12-year-old girls (46.5%), and 13-to-15-year-old girls (13.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis (outcome = BV) found a significant interaction between PA, age, and sex. PA events had a significant effect on BV for all except older girls. Conclusion Exposure to PA and BV are different constructs; few older boys exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims; and older girls are less affected by PA when it comes to BV