Droit international, relations sociales de propriété et processus de paix en Colombie : Une réarticulation politico-juridique

Cet article propose une analyse du processus de transition vers la paix en Colombie sous l’angle de la place cruciale qu’y occupe le droit. La démobilisation des paramilitaires met en lumière le rôle instrumental du droit qui, dans la tension entre ordre et justice, s’avère un moyen pragmatique de faire reconnaître de jure, et donc de légaliser, un rapport de force construit de facto au sein du conflit. La norme de justice est appréciée (et donc nuancée) de manière à ne pas compromettre l’effectivité du processus de transition, et permet à une paix « négative » de se mettre en place, qui n’est finalement que le reflet d’un statu quo social. Implications et conséquences de la recherche de la paix à tout prix se doivent d’être examinées. Pour cela, il est impératif de revoir les divisions disciplinaires qui occultent souvent ces questions essentielles.This essay analyses the Colombian peace process while considering the vital role of law. It stresses the instrumental character of law in fostering the demobilization process of Colombian paramilitaries. The tension between order and justice is understood as a pragmatic way to acknowledge the de jure character, institutionalized by law, of the power relations built de facto throughout the conflict. It further argues that the standard of justice has been purposely used in order to avoid compromising the peace process. The result is the implementation of a « negative » peace, which can be considered as nothing more than a social statu quo. This process, aimed at achieving peace at any cost, has many implications and consequences, which issues can only be addressed by challenging the disciplinary divisions between Law and Politics

Paramilitarisme et scandale de la parapolitique en Colombie

La divulgation récente de nombreux documents et témoignages démontrent qu’une portion de la classe politique colombienne est sous influence d’un groupe armé irrégulier : les paramilitaires. Cette situation, pour le moins délicate, représente une menace à la légitimité de plusieurs institutions gouvernementales et fait évidemment scandale autant à l’interne qu’à l’international. Nous tenterons donc de comprendre les origines et la dynamique du scandale médiatique désormais connu comme la crise de la parapolitique. Ces événements sont centraux afin de saisir le contexte politique actuel en Colombie. Contexte d’autant plus important que le président colombien, Álvaro Uribe Vélez et le Premier ministre Stephen Harper, s’entendirent en juillet 2007 pour négocier un traité de libre échange entre les deux pays

Detection of Salinity by the Lobster, Homarus americanus

Changes in the heart rates of lobsters (Homarus americanus) were used as an indicator that the animals were capable of sensing a reduction in the salinity of the ambient seawater. The typical response to a gradual (1 to 2 ppt/min) reduction in salinity consisted of a rapid increase in heart rate at a mean threshold of 26.6 ± 0.7 ppt, followed by a reduction in heart rate when the salinity reached 22.1 ± 0.5 ppt. Animals with lesioned cardioregulatory nerves did not exhibit a cardiac response to changes in salinity. A cardiac response was elicited from lobsters exposed to isotonic chloride-free salines but not to isotonic sodium-, magnesium- or calcium-free salines. There was little change in the blood osmolarity of lobsters when bradycardia occurred, suggesting that the receptors involved are external. Furthermore, lobsters without antennae, antennules, or legs showed typical cardiac responses to low salinity, indicating the receptors are not located in these areas. Lobsters exposed to reductions in the salinity of the ambient seawater while both branchial chambers were perfused with full-strength seawater did not display a cardiac response until the external salinity reached 21.6 ± 1.8 ppt. In contrast, when their branchial chambers were exposed to reductions in salinity while the external salinity was maintained at normal levels, changes in heart rate were rapidly elicited in response to very small reductions in salinity (down to 29.5 ± 0.9 ppt in the branchial chamber and 31.5 ± 0.3 ppt externally). We conclude that the primary receptors responsible for detecting reductions in salinity in H. americanus are located within or near the branchial chambers and are primarily sensitive to chloride ions

Réponses cardiorespiratoires lors d’épreuves d’effort pour les personnes utilisant un fauteuil roulant manuel : étude exploratoire chez les sujets sains

Travail d'intégration réalisé dans le cadre du cours PHT-6113.Introduction : L’avènement d’une lésion médullaire (LM) a un impact majeur au niveau de plusieurs systèmes dont le système cardiorespiratoire. Des protocoles d’évaluation standardisés pour mesurer la capacité aérobique existent, mais sont peu utilisés en physiothérapie pour une clientèle utilisatrice de fauteuil roulant manuel (FRM). Objectifs : Les objectifs principaux sont d’évaluer et de comparer les réponses cardiorespiratoires à différents tests d’effort chez des individus en bonne santé et de proposer des modifications à ces protocoles afin de sélectionner la ou les évaluation(s) optimale(s) pour une clientèle blessée médullaire utilisatrice de FRM. Méthodologie : Deux sujets sains ont complété cinq épreuves d’effort différentes à deux occasions à l’intérieur d’une période de sept jours. Deux tests d’effort sous-maximal et soutenu, soit le test de marche de six minutes (6MWT) et le test de propulsion manuelle de six minutes en fauteuil roulant (6WPT), et trois tests d’effort maximal et progressif, soit le protocole de Bruce (PB), l’ergomètre des membres supérieurs (EMS’s) et le fauteuil roulant sur tapis roulant (FRTR) ont été complétés. Les réponses cardiorespiratoires, incluant le VO2 et la fréquence cardiaque (FC), ont été mesurées à l’aide du Cosmed K4b2 et d’autres outils de mesure. Résultats : Le PB a généré le VO2 et la FC les plus élevés. L’EMS’s est celui ayant le VO2 de pointe le plus élevé comparativement au FRTR et au 6WPT. Finalement, les réponses cardiorespiratoires du 6WPT sont comparables à celles du 6MWT. Conclusion : À l’exception du VO2 de pointe, le 6WPT, l’EMS’s et le FRTR entraînent des réponses cardiorespiratoires similaires. Il est suggéré aux physiothérapeutes d’utiliser le 6WPT chez les individus ayant une LM puisqu’il est facilement reproductible et requiert peu d’équipements

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 1, no 2, avril 1965Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013)Bibliogr

Tumor transfection after systemic injection of DNA lipid nanocapsules

With the goal of generating an efficient vector for systemic gene delivery, a new kind of nanocarrier consisting of lipid nanocapsules encapsulating DOTAP/DOPE lipoplexes (DNA LNCs) was pegylated by the post-insertion of amphiphilic and flexible polymers. The aim of this surface modification was to create a long-circulating vector, able to circulate in the blood stream and efficient in transfecting tumoral cells after passive targeting by enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect). PEG conformation, electrostatic features, and hydrophylicity are known to be important factors able to influence the pharmacokinetic behaviour of vectors. In this context, the surface structure characteristics of the newly pegylated DNA LNCs were studied by measuring electrophoretic mobility as a function of ionic strength in order to establish a correlation between surface properties and in vivo performance of the vector. Finally, thanks to this PEGylation, gene expression was measured up to 84-fold higher in tumor compared to other tested organs after intravenous injection. The present results indicate that PEGylated DNA LNCs are promising carriers for an efficient cancer gene therapy

In-situ Analysis of Laminated Composite Materials by X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation

The complex mechanical behaviour of composite materials, due to internal heterogeneity and multi-layered composition impose deeper studies. This paper presents an experimental investigation technique to perform volume kinematic measurements in composite materials. The association of X-ray micro-computed tomography acquisitions and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) technique allows the measurement of displacements and deformations in the whole volume of composite specimen. To elaborate the latter, composite fibres and epoxy resin are associated with metallic particles to create contrast during X-ray acquisition. A specific in situ loading device is presented for three-point bending tests, which enables the visualization of transverse shear effects in composite structures

Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Benzo[6,7] [1,5]diazocino[2,1-a]isoindol-12-(14H)-one Derivatives

© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).A simple synthetic route to benzo[6,7][1,5]diazocino[2,1-a]isoindol-12(14H)-one ring system is developed from readily available starting materials 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl) isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones and 2-(aminomethyl)aniline catalysed by para-toluenesulfonic acid in toluene in 27-85% yields. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the final products were assigned using a variety of one and two-dimensional NMR experiments. The distinction between the two potential isomers of the final products was made on the basis of heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity NMR spectra (HMBC).Peer reviewe

Paramaterized beams as effective human lip models

There are numerous mathematical equations used by animators and modelers to describe the curves of the human face and, specifically, the human lip. Physically-based polynomial models, b-splines, and other arbitrarily parameterized equations are used to describe facial and lip contours, though with varied degrees of complexity and resolution. This study examined the constraints and conditions necessary to utilize a standard Euler-Bernoulli beam as an effective model for the human lip. Through this analysis it was determined that general beam theories are flexible enough to create models that can generate curves comparable to actual lip shapes, though no single model studied was appreciably better suited for aU possible Up shapes. Such models could still, however, be utilized in the development of computer-based animation as well as motion tracking systems, computer user interfaces, and teleoperational devices. Beam characteristics such as cross sectional shape, length, and elasticity were investigated in order to define deflection models for four different beam configurations: a clamped prismatic beam, a simply supported prismatic beam, a clamped tapered beam, and a simply supported tapered beam. Multiple beam loading scenarios were simulated to determine the optimal number and arrangement of loads to reproduce the desired deflection curves. Deflection curves defined by each of the four beam models were compared to actual deflection curves digitized from photographs of the human lip and have been presented here