273 research outputs found
Confinement of the 0.5β¦4.5 keV plasma ions in low density discharges of the U-3M torsatron
Dependences of the charge exchange (CX) fluxes of neutral are investigated via neutral particle analyzers (NPA) in the U-3M torsatron. Fast (β€0.5 ms) decay of the vertical and tangential CX fluxes has been observed after turning off RF heating power. According to these measurements, the U-3M energy confinement time of the 0.5β¦4.5 keV ions is less than 0.5 ms in the low density (ne=(1β¦4)Β·10ΒΉΒ² cmβ»Β³) discharges. No difference between confinement of the ion energy component parallel to the magnetic field and confinement of the perpendicular to the magnetic field one was observed in U-3M. Evidently, an ion cooling through CX collisions with neutrals sustain the main channel of the 0.5β¦4.5 keV ion energy loss in the U-3M torsatron.ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π£-3Π. ΠΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ (β€0.5 ΠΌΡ) Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ§-Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ 0.5β¦4.5 ΠΊΡΠ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π£-3Π ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 0.5 ΠΌΡ Π² Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ne=(1β¦4)Β·10ΒΉΒ² cmβ»Β³) ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
. Π Π£-3Π Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ 0.5β¦4.5 ΠΊΡΠ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π£-3Π.ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π£-3Π. Π¨Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (β€0.5 ΠΌΡ) ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ§-Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ³ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ 0.5β¦4.5 ΠΊΠ΅Π ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π² Π£-3Π ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΡΠΆ 0.5 ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π· ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ (ne = (1β¦4)Β·10ΒΉΒ² cmβ»Β³). B Π£-3Π Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ°Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ Π· Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ 0.5β¦4.5 ΠΊΠ΅Π ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π£-3Π
Determination of poloidal mode numbers of MHD modes and their radial location using a soft x-ray camera array in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
A forward modeling technique is developed for determining the characteristic features of observed MHD modes from the line-of-sight data of the soft x-ray (SXR) tomography diagnostics in the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. In particular, forward modeling is used to evaluate the poloidal mode numbers m, radial location, poloidal rotation direction and ballooning character of the MHD modes. The poloidal mode structures have been modeled by the radially localized Gaussian-shaped emission regions rotating along the magnetic surfaces. In the present study the cases of rigid-shape emission regions and flexible emission regions are modeled. Various mode phase velocity dependences on the magnetic surface position are simulated. The modeled phase dynamics of line-integrated oscillations and the distribution of oscillation amplitudes are compared with the experimental signals of the SXR cameras which observe the plasma at various viewing angles in the poloidal cross-section. Application of this technique enables describing of the 1β50 kHz modes. In particular, in the discharge W7X-PID 20180918.045 three identified branches with the poloidal mode numbers m= 8, m= 10 and m= 11 localized at Ο β 0.3 are rotating in the clockwise poloidal direction. The present paper reports the first application of the forward modeling technique to the data from the SXR diagnostics in W7-X. The high m-modes are identified by forward modeling in W7-X
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
This article reviews data on the assessment of the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA, arthropathic psoriasis), as well as related disability and the economic burden of these nosological entities, including their therapy with biological agents. It considers the issues of organization and quality of medical care, drug supply, normative and legal regulation. The paper also shows the important epidemiological and socioeconomic importance of RA, AS, and PsA in Russia, points out the regional peculiarities of medical care and drug provision, and proposes solutions for their optimization at the federal and local levels. In preparing this investigation, the authors have taken into account the opinions of many specialists and experts in this field from different subjects of the Russian Federation.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (Π Π), Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠ‘) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΡΠ, Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π·), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠΠΠ). Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π Π, ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Disease and treatment-related burden in patients with acromegaly who are biochemically controlled on injectable somatostatin receptor ligands
Medical treatment for acromegaly commonly involves receiving intramuscular or deep subcutaneous injections of somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) in most patients. In addition to side effects of treatment, acromegaly patients often still experience disease symptoms even when therapy is successful in controlling GH and IGF-1 levels. Symptoms and side effects can negatively impact patients' health-related quality of life. In this study, we examine the disease- and treatment-related burden associated with SRL injections as reported through the use of the Acromegaly Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (Acro-TSQ(C)) and clinician-reported symptom severity through the Acromegaly Index of Severity (AIS). Patients included in this analysis were enrolled in a randomized phase 3 study, were biochemically-controlled (an IGF-1 = 6 months with a stable dose of either long- acting octreotide or lanreotide monotherapy for >= 4 months. The sample (N = 91) was 65% female, 91% Caucasian, with a mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of 53 (1) years. Two-thirds of patients reported that they still experience acromegaly symptoms; 82% of these said they experience symptoms all of the time. Three-fourths experienced gastrointestinal (GI) side effects after injections, and 77% experienced treatment-related injection site reactions (ISRs). Patients commonly reported that these interfered with their daily life, leisure, and work activities. Those with higher symptom severity, as measured by the AIS, scored significantly worse on several Acro-TSQ domains: Symptom Interference, GI Interference, Treatment Satisfaction, and Emotional Reaction. Despite being biochemically controlled with injectable SRLs, most patients reported experiencing acromegaly symptoms that interfere with daily life, leisure, and work. GI side effects and ISRs were also common. This study highlights the significant disease burden that still persists for patients with acromegaly that have achieved biochemical control with the use of injectable SRLs.Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiological changes and therap
Delayed Development of Aneurysmal Dilatations in Patients with Extracranial Carotid Artery Dissections
Peer reviewe
Determination of poloidal mode numbers of MHD modes and their radial location using a soft x-ray camera array in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
MPOWERED trial open-label extension: long-term efficacy and safety data for oral octreotide capsules in acromegaly
Context The MPOWERED core trial (NCT02685709) and open-label extension (OLE) phase investigated long-term efficacy and safety of oral octreotide capsules (OOC) in patients with acromegaly. Core trial primary endpoint data demonstrated noninferiority to injectable somatostatin receptor ligands (iSRLs). Core trial completers were invited to participate in the OLE phase. Objective To assess long-term efficacy and safety of OOC in patients with acromegaly who previously responded to and tolerated both OOC and injectable octreotide/lanreotide and completed the core phase. Methods The unique study design of transitioning between OOC and iSRLs allowed within-patient evaluations. The proportion of biochemical responders (insulin-like growth factor I < 1.3 x upper limit of normal) at end of each extension year who entered that year as responders was the main outcome measure. Results At year 1 extension end, 52/58 patients from both the monotherapy and the combination therapy groups were responders (89.7%; 95% CI 78.8-96.1), 36/41 (87.8%; 95% CI 73.8-95.9) in year 2, and 29/31 (93.5%; 95% CI 78.6-99.2) in year 3. No new or unexpected safety signals were detected; 1 patient withdrew owing to treatment failure. Patients who transitioned from iSRLs in the core trial to OOC in the OLE phase reported improved treatment convenience/satisfaction and symptom control. Conclusion Patient-reported outcome data support for the first time that transitioning patients randomized to iSRL (who previously responded to both OOC and iSRLs) back to OOC had a significant effect on patients' symptoms score in a prospective cohort. The MPOWERED OLE showed long-term maintenance of response and sustained safety with OOC.Metabolic health: pathophysiological trajectories and therap
ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅)
At present, the search for effective ways of restoring peripheral nerves with anatomical damage continues. Autoplasty still remains the gold standard, which, however, is not without its drawbacks. The use of nerve implants for promoting directional axon growth is essential and promising.Objective: to study the biomechanical properties of laboratory samples of an artificial nerve conduit (NGC) made of hybrid biomaterials and to, on cadaveric material, assess the technical feasibility of using them in surgical practice to repair extended peripheral nerve defects.Material and methods. The objects of the study were three electrospun NGC samples: from synthetic material (polycaprolactone, PCL) and hybrid biomaterials (PCL + gelatin or PCL + collagen). The work compared the physical and mechanical properties of NGC: stiffness, plasticity, elasticity, brittleness, resistance to chemical attack, their ability to be impregnated with liquid media, permeability, possibility of making an anastomosis between the implant and the nerve during surgical procedure. Cadaveric material was the object of the study: we used a dissected superficial sensory branch of the human right radial nerve, 2 mm in diameter, isolated on the forearm, about 12 cm in length, because it most corresponded to the diameter of the NGC samples tested. After surgery, the echogenic features of the implants and their anastomoses with the nerve were assessed by ultrasound imaging.Results. It was found that hybrid NGC samples, based on their biomechanical properties, are fundamentally suitable for use in surgical practice, to ensure growth and replacement of a peripheral nerve defect. However, the best composition of a nerve guide can be established after comparative preclinical study of the biocompatible and functional properties of hybrid material samples.Conclusion. The physical and mechanical properties of the investigated NGC samples made of hybrid biomaterials meet the technical requirements for implantable nerve conduits for surgical application.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π½Π΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ².Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° (ΠΠΠ) β Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ².ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΠΠ: ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Π° (ΠΠΠ) ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΠ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ). Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠΠ: ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Ρ
ΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ 2 ΠΌΠΌ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 12 ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΠΠΠ ΠΈΠ· Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ ΠΈΠ· Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Objective: to assess the economic burden of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and non-radiological axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) in the Russian Federation, as well as the availability and economic prospects for more complete provision of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) to patients with AS and nr-axSpA.Patients and methods. The prevalence of AS and nr-axSpA and organizational aspects of providing with bDMARDs to this category of patients were analyzed.A variant model has been developed in Microsoft Excel, allows to calculate the indicators of the economic burden of AS and nr-axSpA in the Russian Federation, taking into account the economic losses associated with disability, as well as the low availability of bDMARDs. During study preparation, data from real clinical practice and the opinions of experts in the field of AS from various regions of the Russian Federation were studied.The economic burden was calculated as the sum of direct and indirect costs per patient and the population. Additionally, the specific economic burden per capita was determined.Results and discussion. According to expert estimates, the prevalence of AS and nr-axSpA today is 105.0 and 33.2 thousand people, respectively.The current economic burden of the AS for 2019 is estimated at 21.9 billion rubles per population, or 395.5 thousand rubles for 1 patient. The ratio of direct and indirect costs was 1:4, i.e. 4.7 billion rubles β direct costs (84.3 thousand rubles per 1 patient) and 17.2 billion rubles β indirect costs (311.2 thousand rubles per 1 patient). The burden per capita β 149 rubles.Nr-axSpA's current economic burden in 2019 reached 3.0 billion rubles, or 182.9 thousand rubles for 1 patient. The ratio of direct and indirect costs is estimated as 2:5, or 0.9 billion rubles β direct costs (53.0 thousand rubles per 1 patient) and 2.2 billion rubles β indirect costs (130.0 thousand rubles per 1 patient). The burden per capita β 21 rubles.Conclusion. The economic burden of AS and nr-axSpA can be reduced by providing patients with bDMARDs in the required amount: 15% of patients with AS and 10% with nr-axSpA. Due to the imperfection of the regulatory framework, patients with nr-axSpA experience serious difficulties in receiving this therapy within the framework of preferential drug coverage and compulsory health insurance. With the provision of bDMARDs for about 15 and 10% of patients with AS and nr-axSpA, respectively, on the horizon of 5 years, a decrease in disability by 75% and temporary disability by 60% is expected. At the same time, the economic burden for 5 years will decrease by about 40% for each nosology.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° (ΠΠ‘) ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° (Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ) Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠΠΠ) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ.ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠΠ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π² Microsoft Excel, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΠΠ.ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 105,0 ΠΈ 33,2 ΡΡΡ. ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ‘ Π·Π° 2019 Π³. ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² 21,9 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² 395,5 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎ 1:4, Ρ. Π΅. 4,7 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±. β ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ (84,3 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°) ΠΈ 17,2 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±. β ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ (311,2 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°). ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β 149 ΡΡΠ±.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ Π·Π° 2019 Π³. Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎ 3,0 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 182,9 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ 2:5, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 0,9 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±. β ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ (53,0 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°) ΠΈ 2,2 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±. β ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ (130,0 ΡΡΡ. ΡΡΠ±. Π½Π° 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°). ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β 21 ΡΡΠ±.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠΠ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅: 15% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ 10% ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ. ΠΠ·-Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 15 ΠΈ 10% Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π½Ρ-Π°ΠΊΡΠ‘ΠΏΠ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ 5 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° 75% ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° 60%. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π° 5 Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° 40% Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
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