Whose job instability affects the likelihood of becoming a parent in Italy? A tale of two partners

We examine the likelihood of becoming a parent in Italy taking into account the employment (in)stability of both partners in a couple. We use data from four waves of the Italian section of the EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Condition), 2004-2007, accounting for its longitudinal nature. Overall, our results suggest that Italian couples are neither fully traditional nor entirely modern: the "first pillar" (i.e., a male partner with a stable and well-paid job) is still crucial in directing fertility decisions, because, in our interpretation, it gives the household a feeling of (relative) economic security. But this "old" family typology is becoming rare. Increasingly, both partners are employed, and in this case the characteristics of their employment prove important. A permanent occupation for both partners is associated with higher fertility, while alternative job typologies for either of the two depress fertility.employment instability, first birth, income, Italy

Organogenese de Rosa x hybrida cv. Vegas

A rosa (Rosa x hybrida) é propagada comercialmente por métodos vegetativos. Estes métodos estão frequentemente associados à disseminação de doenças. Além disso, a transformação genética necessita protocolos eficientes para obtenção de material asséptico e para orgranogenese. Os protocolos desenvolvidos neste trabalho foram focados nestes dois problemas: oferecer um protocolo alternativo para micropropagação a partir de gemas axilares e um protocolo para obtenção de folhas assépticas com posterior organogênese. O cultivar de rosa de corte utilizado foi o Vegas. O melhor resultado para a micropropagação foi obtido com gemas com 5 a 7 primórdios desenvolvidas em meio MS + 0,5 mg.L-1 BAP + 0,25 mg.L-1 GA3 + 0,01 mg.L-1AIA, multiplicadas em meio MS + 1,0 mg.L-1 BAP + 0,1 mg.L-1 GA3 e enraizadas em meio MS ½ sem reguladores de crescimento. Ramos mantidos em condições não assépticas forneceram folhas que sofreram posterior assepsia, produziram melhores resultados do que os métodos in vitro aplicando soluções anti-bacterianas e anti-fungicas. O melhor meio para obtenção de organogênese via explantes foliares foi o meio MS suplementado com 0,01 mg.L-1 ANA + 0,2 mg.L-1 BAP + 10 mg.L-1 GA

Over-coverage in population registers leads to bias in demographic estimates.

Published online: 14 Nov 2019 Estimating the number of individuals living in a country is an essential task for demographers. This study assesses the potential bias in estimating the size of different migrant populations due to over-coverage in population registers. Over-coverage-individuals registered but not living in a country-is an increasingly pressing phenomenon however, there is no common understanding of how to deal with over-coverage in demographic research. This study examines different approaches to and improvements in over-coverage estimation using Swedish total population register data. We assess over-coverage levels across migrant groups, test how estimates of age-specific death and fertility rates are affected when adjusting for over-coverage, and examine whether over-coverage can explain part of the healthy migrant paradox. Our results confirm the existence of over-coverage and we find substantial changes in mortality and fertility rates, when adjusted, for people of migrating age. Accounting for over-coverage is particularly important for correctly estimating migrant fertility. Strategic Research Council of the Academy of Finland [293103] Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [340-2013-5164] Swedish Research Council for Health, Working life and WelfareSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte

Essays zum Einfluss der Corporate Governance auf Vorstandsvergütung und Rechnungslegung

Diese Arbeit umfasst fünf Beiträge, die sich vor dem Hintergrund eines deutschen Sample mit dem Einfluss von Corporate Governance auf Vorstandsvergütung und (Qualität der) Rechnungslegung befassen. Der erste Beitrag greift die mit der DCGK-Änderung im Jahr 2013 in ihrer Bedeutung hervorgehobene vertikale Dimension der Marktüblichkeit der Vorstandsentlohnung auf. Es wird erstmalig für das deutsche Schrifttum ein Anforderungsrahmen zur Durchführung des vertikalen Vergütungsvergleichs entwickelt und auf verbundene Problemfelder verwiesen. Eine Analyse der unternehmensinternen Vergütungsrelationen von DAX-30 Unternehmen der Jahre 2009 bis 2013 zeigt, dass die Gehaltsspreizung zwischen Vorstands- und Mitarbeiterebene im Zeitablauf zugenommen hat. Der zweite Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern Corporate Governance-Faktoren einen Erklärungsbeitrag für das Ausmaß von Manager-Arbeitnehmer-Vergütungsrelationen in einem deutschen Setting leisten. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung deuten darauf hin, dass diese Vergütungsrelationen nicht allein durch Markt- und Größenfaktoren getrieben werden, sondern Corporate Governance-Mechanismen, wie Aktionärsstruktur, in Übereinstimmung mit der managerial entrenchment-Theorie eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. So sind niedrige Vergütungsrelationen mit höheren Eigentümerkonzentrationen, einem größeren Anteilsbesitz von Familien und strategischen Investoren sowie einer hohen Anzahl Vorstandsmitglieder assoziiert; höhere variable Vergütungsbestandteile und ein konzentrierter Anteilsbesitz des Vorstands scheinen indes einen positiven Einfluss auf Vergütungsrelationen auszuüben. Der dritte Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Votum der Hauptversammlung zum System der Vorstandsvergütung, plakativ: „say on pay“, welches seine Wirkung aus-schließlich über den Reputationsmechanismus entfaltet. Die empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass die Durchführung einer Abstimmung mit einem hohen Bestandteil variabler Vergütungskomponenten und einem hohen Streubesitz erklärt werden kann. Say on pay wird indes nicht für Unmutsbekundungen genutzt, d.h. die Missbilligung zum System der Vorstandsvergütung ist gering ausgeprägt; ein hohes Transparenzverhalten und die Existenz eines Blockaktionärs sind mit niedrigeren Missbilligungsquoten assoziiert. Im vierten Beitrag wird das implizite Aktivierungswahlrecht für selbsterstellte Forschungs- und Entwicklungskosten (F&E) nach IAS 38 im Hinblick auf vermutete Ermessensspielräume untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass entgegen der Intention von IAS 38 aktivierte F&E-Ausgaben keine Wertrelevanz entfalten, während als Aufwand erfasste F&E wertrelevant sind – und zwar unabhängig vom Unternehmenstypus. Corporate Governance-Faktoren haben einen Einfluss auf die Wertrelevanz, zeigen indes vereinzelt konträre Befunde. Im fünften Beitrag wird zunächst eine deskriptive Bestandsaufnahme, im Weiteren eine Determinatenanalyse der Berichterstattung zu Geschäften mit nahe stehenden Personen (Related Party Transactions, RPT) nach IAS 24 vorgenommen. RPT treten bei mehr als der Hälfte der untersuchten Unternehmen auf, wobei die Berichterstattungsqualität in Teilen intransparent ist. Auftreten und Umfang von RPT wird durch Corporate Governance-Faktoren, wie Aktionärsstruktur und Anteil langfristiger Vergütungskomponenten beeinflusst

Multiple systems estimation for studying over-coverage and its heterogeneity in population registers

The growing necessity for evidence-based policy built on rigorous research has never been greater. However, the ability of researchers to provide such evidence is invariably tied to the availability of high-quality data. Bias stemming from over-coverage in official population registers, i.e. resident individuals whose death or emigration is not registered, can lead to serious implications for policymaking and research. Using Swedish Population registers and the statistical framework of multiple systems estimation, we estimate the extent of over-coverage among foreign-born individuals’ resident in Sweden for the period 2003–2016. Our study reveals that, although over-coverage is low during this period in Sweden, we observed a distinct heterogeneity in over-coverage across various sub-populations, suggesting significant variations among them. We also evaluated the implications of omitting each of the considered registers on real data and simulated data, and highlight the potential bias introduced when the omitted register interacts with the included registers. Our paper underscores the broad applicability of multiple systems estimation in addressing and mitigating bias from over-coverage in scenarios involving incomplete but overlapping population registers

Declining incidence trends for hip fractures have not been accompanied by improvements in lifetime risk or post-fracture survival – A nationwide study of the Swedish population 60years and older

Background: Hip fracture is a common cause of disability and mortality among the elderly. Declining incidence trends have been observed in Sweden. Still, this condition remains a significant public health problem since Sweden has one of the highest incidences worldwide. Yet, no Swedish lifetime risk or survival trends have been presented. By examining how hip fracture incidence, post-fracture survival, as well as lifetime risk have developed between 1995 and 2010 in Sweden, this study aims to establish how the burden hip fractures pose on the elderly changed over time, in order to inform initiatives for improvements of their health. Material and Methods: The entire Swedish population 60 years-old and above was followed between 1987 and 2010 in the National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register. Annual age-specific hip fracture cumulative incidence was estimated using hospital admissions for hip fractures. Three-month and one-year survival after the first hip fracture were also estimated. Period life table was used to assess lifetime risk of hip fractures occurring from age 60 and above, and the expected mean age of the first hip fracture. Results: The age-specific hip fracture incidence decreased between 1995 and 2010 in all ages up to 94 years, on average by 1% per year. The lifetime risk remained almost stable, between 9% and 11% for men, and between 18% and 20% for women. The expected mean age of a first hip fracture increased by 2.5 years for men and by 2.2 years for women. No improvements over time were observed for the 3-month survival for men, while for women a 1% decrease per year was observed. The 1-year survival slightly increased over time for men (0.4% per year) while no improvement was observed for women. Conclusions: The age-specific hip fracture incidence has decreased over time. Yet the lifetime risk of a hip fracture has not decreased because life expectancy in the population has increased in parallel. Overall, survival after hip fracture has not improved

Temporal Elements in Career Selection Decisions: An Archival Study Investigating Career Decisions in Medicine

T ime is a ubiquitous but often omitted variable in career selection decisions. This study investigates the impact of temporal elements on career selection decisions, thus advancing our understanding of both career decision making and the impact of timing on decision making. We investigate the influence of timing and duration of experience with career options on career selection decisions in an archival study using medical residents' rotation schedules. We also investigate factors that mitigate the influence of timing on career selection decisions by examining the interaction of timing with the duration of experience and the diversity of options that an individual experiences. Conditional logit results indicate that decisions often based on career and individual attributes are significantly influenced by the timing and duration of options even when controlling for option attributes. Additionally, significant interactions between timing and diversity of experience and timing and duration of experience revealed boundary conditions for timing. Individuals were more likely to select later-appearing career options when they appeared for a greater duration or when they experienced a greater diversity of options in their schedule. Results illustrate that schedules over which individuals have no control can influence consequential decisions

Suicide among persons who entered same-sex and opposite-sex marriage in Denmark and Sweden, 1989–2016: a binational, register-based cohort study

Background People belonging to sexual minority groups have higher levels of suicidality than heterosexuals. However, findings regarding suicide death are sparse. Using unique national data from two countries, we investigated whether individuals entering a same-sex marriage (SSM), a proxy group of sexual minority individuals, had higher suicide rates than those entering opposite-sex marriage (OSM). Methods A cohort study of all males and females who entered an SSM (n=28 649) or OSM (n=3 918 617) in Denmark and Sweden during 1989–2016 was conducted. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for suicide were calculated using adjusted Poisson regression models. Results In total, 97 suicides occurred among individuals who had entered an SSM compared with 6074 among those who entered an OSM, corresponding to an adjusted IRR of 2.3 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.8). For people who entered SSM, a 46% decline was noted over time from an IRR of 2.8 (95% CI 1.9 to 4.0) during 1989–2002 to 1.5 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.9) during 2003–2016. The excess suicide mortality was present in all age groups but most pronounced among younger individuals aged 18–34 years of age (IRR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.8) and females (IRR 2.7, 95% CI 1.8 to 3.9). Conclusion This large register-based study found higher suicide rates among individuals who entered an SSM, compared with those who entered an OSM. A lower suicide rate was noted for individuals in SSMs in recent years. More research is needed to identify the unique suicide risk and protective factors for sexual minority people