NUMERICAL STUDY OF CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS REINFORCED BY INCLINED WEB STIRRUPS

A numerical investigation is presented in this study to describe the effect of inclined stirrups on the shear behavior for reinforced concrete deep beams. This study was exceeded by two steps as a part of verification and parametric study. In the first step, three beams were analyzed with different arrangements of their stirrups. Two beams are reinforced with vertical and inclined stirrups when there are no stirrups in the third beam. The numerically load-deflection curves, cracking patterns, and load-maximum crack opening curves were presented for all analyzed beams. These numerical results were verified by the experimental study of Teng, Ma [1] showing an excellent agreement between them. In second step, another 16 beams within 4 groups were analyzed to show the parametric influence of using inclined stirrups. This parametric study presented the effect of main reinforcement ratio, shear span-to-depth ratio, space between stirrups, and bar cross-sectional are of stirrups on the deep beams reinforced with vertical and inclined stirrups. The deep beam reinforced with inclined stirrups leads to a significant increasing in the shear strength due to the contribution of these stirrups to restrict the opening of diagonal shear crack

EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL ACID RAIN ON THE BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMON PLANTS IN TIKRIT

This study was conducted in Tikrit to compared between the plants used in decorating the sides of roads and public parks according to their ability to withstand the conditions of industrial acid rain in order to recommend them in afforestation industrial parks and areas of traffic density. Where different concentrations of industrial acidic rain were used (pH2, pH4, Ph6 and pH7.2) as well as five common plant species used for landscaping and road sides aspects (Calistemon viminalis  ,Nerium oleander, Olea europaea L , Myrtus communis , Dodonaea viscosa Linn)

A novel reformulation of the Theory of Critical Distances to design notched metals against dynamic loading

In the present study the linear-elastic Theory of Critical Distances (TCD) is reformulated to make it suitable for predicting the strength of notched metallic materials subjected to dynamic loading. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed reformulation of the TCD was checked against a number of experimental results generated by testing, under different loading/strain rates, notched cylindrical samples of aluminium alloy 6063-T5, titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V, aluminium alloy AlMg6, and an AlMn alloy. To further validate the proposed design method also different data sets taken from the literature were considered. Such an extensive validation exercise allowed us to prove that the proposed reformulation of the TCD is successful in predicting the dynamic strength of notched metallic materials, this approach proving to be capable of estimates falling within an error interval of ±20%. Such a high level of accuracy is certainly remarkable, especially in light of the fact that it was reached without the need for explicitly modelling the stress vs. strain dynamic behaviour of the investigated ductile metals

Gender Stereotypes and Armed Conflict - A Study of the Repercussions for International Justice

Sites of armed conflicts are complex environments in which experiences of men and women differ considerably. Consequently, it is necessary to maintain a nuanced understanding of the interactions between gender and armed conflict in order to provide protection, accountability and redress for women and men equally. An understanding of the gendered components of armed conflict allows international law to be an authoritative instrument in addressing systematic gender inequalities. Scholars argue that the laws governing armed conflict are archaic and reinforce gender stereotypes and patriarchal structures. Two of the most controversial gender stereotypes concern the “active” male perpetrator and the “passive” female victim. These stereotypes build on pre-existing gender roles that lead to assumptions about men and women’s roles in armed conflict. Namely, women are passive, peace loving and subordinate - they do not take part in combat. Men are active, violent and dominant - they are not victims of sexual violence. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether these gender stereotypes obstruct international justice. It maps prevalent male and female gender stereotypes and examine whether the international law community, i.e. treaty drafters, jurists and scholars, reinforce these gender stereotypes. Finally, it examines the effects of these gender stereotypes on the international commitments to equally protect women and men during armed conflicts. More specifically, it looks at two groups that allegedly have been placed at the periphery of international law due to prevailing gender stereotypes. Specifically, it looks at female combatants and male victims of sexual violence and their access to justice, redress and rehabilitation.Väpnade konflikter är komplexa och mångfacetterade – män och kvinnors roller och nivå av inblandning varier avsevärt. Med detta i åtanke är det nödvändigt för internationell rätt och dess utövare att erbjuda ett reellt skydd, där ansvarsutkrävande och upprättelse erbjuds på lika villkor för alla oavsett kön. Risken är annars att vissa grupper osynliggörs. Sammanfattningsvis krävs det en nyanserad förståelse för könsroller både före, under och efter konflikter, för att internationell rätt ska bli ett effektivt instrument i det internationella arbetet för jämställdhet. I feministisk litteratur återspeglas internationell humanitär rätt som föråldrad, som ett regelverk som förstärker existerande könsroller och patriarkala strukturer. Två av de mest framträdande könsstereotyper som lyfts fram i litteraturen är den ”aktiva” manliga förövaren och det ”passiva” kvinnliga offret. Dessa stereotyper baseras på redan existerande könsroller och förutfattade meningar om hur män och kvinnor ”borde” agera i konflikter. Utgångspunkten är att det ligger i kvinnors natur att vara passiva, fredsälskande och vårdgivande, och att inte ta del i stridigheter. Den andra utgångspunkten är att män är aktiva, våldsamma och dominanta, således inte offer för sexuellt våld. I den här uppsatsen vill jag utreda om ovan nämnda könsstereotyper står i vägen för internationell rättvisa. Uppsatsen avser att dekonstruerar de mest uppenbara manliga och kvinnliga könsrollerna, och analyserar huruvida dessa förstärks av lagstiftare, jurister och akademiker. Avslutningsvis utreder uppsatsen huruvida könsstereotyper leder till hinder för internationella åtaganden att under konflikt erbjuda lika skydd för män och kvinnor. Två grupper kommer speciellt att belysas, nämligen kvinnliga kombattanter och manliga våldtäktsoffer. Uppsatsen redogör för hur dessa grupper på grund av könsstereotyper har hamnat efter i relation till ansvarsutkrävande, upprättelse och rehabilitering

Not in my Backyard, Jardins de Métis, Grand-Métis, 2000

Architectes paysagistes: Patricia Lussier et Anna Radice.; Firme: Espace DRAR.; Date du début des travaux de réalisation: 2000.; "Créé pour la 1re édition du Festival et ... maintenu en raison de l'intérêt qu'il a suscité auprès du public."; Photographie: Peter Jacobs, 2001.; Avec un document d'accompagnement ayant pour cote: SB 317.73 G73 P68 2002 texte."Verre usagé recyclé en tapis de perles scintillantes, cuves en acier galvanisé devenues bassins pour idées et souvenirs, treillis en fil de fer des plus laides clôtures posé au sol pour sculpter la pelouse et former des bancs.

架橋応力劣化に基づく丸鋼鉄筋床版とFRP補強効果の疲労解析

The safety of construction in the long-term performance is the main goal of structural designers. An example is seen in reinforced concrete (RC) bridge deck slabs that have been subjected to a large number of load repetitions. Therefore, many numerical and experimental studies have been conducted to predict the fatigue life of these slabs. Most of these studies focused on the modeling of fatigue behaviors of RC slabs reinforced with deformed bars. Until 1965, plain bars were used for reinforcing RC bridge slabs in a part of Japan. The fatigue damage of those slabs is more significantly observed than that of slabs reinforced with deformed bars. Moreover, old slabs were economically designed by small thickness without considering the fatigue resistance. Until 1965, plain bars were used for reinforcing RC bridge slabs in a part of Japan. The fatigue damage of those slabs is more significantly observed than that of slabs reinforced with deformed bars. Therefore, it is important to predict the fatigue behaviors of these slabs to decide a suitable repairing method. For the main goal of this research, a numerical method based on the bridging stress degradation concept is presented in this study to simulate the fatigue behaviors of RC slabs reinforced with plain bars under a moving load. Moreover, this study provides a numerical investigation to understand the fatigue failure and the improvement mechanism of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthening. Finite element method (FEM) is used to solve a slab model of smeared crack elements. The cracked elements are modified according to the bridging stress degradation concept. This concept can be defined as the reduction of transferred stress across a crack plane under repetitive loading due to crack opening and closing process. Reinforcing bars are modeled as a smeared reinforcement according to its ratio in all directions. For plain reinforcing bars, the bond-slip effect between a reinforcing bar and its surrounding concrete is taken into consideration by adding equivalent bond strain to plain bar strain. To verify the numerical method, this study will be divided to three parts as follows. In the first part, plain concrete beam is analyzed under static and fixed pulsating load. Moreover, RC beams are analyzed using this numerical method under fixed pulsating and moving load. The numerical method succeeded in describing the propagation of cracked elements for fixed pulsating and moving load. The numerical results are compared with the experimental results to examine the applicability of this method for plain and reinforced concrete beams. In the second part, three RC slabs reinforced with plain bars are conducted using the proposed numerical method. Moreover, one RC slab reinforced with deformed bars is analyzed to compare with that reinforced with plain bars. The numerical model is verified using previous experimental data. This model is also able to capture the cracking pattern, change in displacement and rebar strain. The numerical results provide a good agreement with the experimental ones. In this part, a successful explanation of fatigue failure mechanism is existed. The effect of plain reinforcing bars on the fatigue behaviors is described. In the last, three full scale RC slabs reinforced with plain bars under moving load are analyzed using a proposed numerical method to simulate their fatigue behaviors. two of them were strengthened with externally bonded FRP sheets in longitudinal and transverse directions on slab bottom surface. The interfacial bond behavior between FRP sheet and concrete surface with its degradation due to fatigue loading are integrated to obtain appropriate numerical results. The propagation of cracked elements, center displacement evolution, cracking pattern and FRP strain are presented in this study. According to the results, FRP sheets play an important role to restrict the major crack opening. This leads to a slow degradation, longer fatigue life and smaller deformations for the strengthened RC slab. These numerical results are compared with the experimental results, and this comparison provides a good agreement

Not in my Backyard, Jardins de Métis, Grand-Métis, 2000

Architectes paysagistes: Patricia Lussier et Anna Radice.; Firme: Espace DRAR.; Date du début des travaux de réalisation: 2000.; "Créé pour la 1re édition du Festival et ... maintenu en raison de l'intérêt qu'il a suscité auprès du public."; Photographie: Peter Jacobs, 2001.; Avec un document d'accompagnement ayant pour cote: SB 317.73 G73 P68 2002 texte."Verre usagé recyclé en tapis de perles scintillantes, cuves en acier galvanisé devenues bassins pour idées et souvenirs, treillis en fil de fer des plus laides clôtures posé au sol pour sculpter la pelouse et former des bancs.