Control and prevention of accidents caused by Tityus trivittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Las picaduras por alacranes pueden producir cuadros de intoxicación aguda y conducir a la muerte por falla cardíaca y distrés respiratorio, siendo la población pediátrica la de mayor riesgo, tanto en Argentina como en el resto del mundo. Muchas de las especies de escorpiones en el mundo son sinantrópicas, y en Argentina, las que se han relacionado con muertes, como Tityus trivittatus y Tityus confluens, poseen esas características. La sinantropía, aumenta la posibilidad de contacto humano – escorpión y por lo tanto la ocurrencia de accidentes, por lo que las medidas de prevención en este caso, deben tomarse no solo conductualmente sino ambientalmente para evitar ese contacto. Las características biológicas de los escorpiones del género Tityus dificultan las labores de prevención. Muchas son las herramientas para disminuir el contacto con los escorpiones y de esa manera prevenir los accidentes como los controles químicos, biológicos y ambientales, así como la búsqueda y eliminación de escorpiones. Sin embargo, no todas son efectivas si no son aplicadas racionalmente y si no son combinadas. En ocasiones la mala planificación o uso de las diferentes medidas para el combate de escorpiones pueden ser contraproducentes y no solo ser inefectivas sino aumentar la probabilidad de ocurrencia de accidentes. En esta revisión se exponen los diferentes métodos de prevención del escorpionismo, con especial referencia a las especies de Tityus de Argentina.Scorpion stings may produce acute envenoming and lead to death from heart failure and respiratory distress, being the pediatric population that with the highest risk of severe envenomation and death, in Argentina as in the rest of the world. Many of the scorpion species in the world are synanthropic, including Tityus trivittatus and Tityus confluens, which are responsible for human deaths in Argentina. Synanthropy increases the possibility of human-scorpion contact and therefore the occurrence of accidents, so preventive measures to avoid the contact must be taken not only behaviorally but environmentally. The biological characteristics of scorpions of the genus Tityus make prevention of the contact with humans rather difficult. There are many chemical, biological and environmental tools to reduce the possibility of contact between humans and scorpions. However, not all these measures are effective if they are not rationally applied and if these are not combined. Sometimes the poor planning or use of different measures to control scorpions’ population can be counterproductive and not only ineffective, increasing the probability of accidents. In this review, we discuss the different methods of prevention and combat of scorpionism, with special reference to the prevention of accidents with Tityus species from Argentina.Fil: de Roodt, Adolfo Rafael. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Doctor Carlos G. Malbrán". Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Lanari, Laura Cecilia. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Doctor Carlos G. Malbrán". Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Ojanguren Affilastro, Andres Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Departamento de Invertebrados. Area de Entomologia; ArgentinaFil: Moron Goñi, Fernando. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Malinovsky, Valeria. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Dozoretz, Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Cargnel, Elda. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: de Titto, Ernesto Horacio. Universidad Isalud; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Damin, Carlos Fabian. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentin

Client-treatment interaction in marital treatment interventions.

Outcome research on marital therapy has consistently demonstrated various treatment techniques to be effective. While therapies developed along affective, behavioral, or cognitive lines all have their proponents, there is no evidence to suggest that any one technique, or combination of techniques, is significantly better than any other. As a possible explanation, it was suggested that this finding of equal outcome among various marital therapy techniques might actually be an artifact of the way in which the research is conducted. Unlike in the marketplace, where couples may select a particular therapist with a particular orientation, couples taking part in a research project are randomly assigned to a particular treatment condition. If couples who are mismatched dropout of the project, results of equal outcome would be based only on data from those couples for whom the therapy they received was appropriate for their needs. This would suggest not that various marital therapy interventions are equal in the general population, but, rather, that different techniques are appropriate for different couples. In order to test this idea, 68 married couples were recruited and randomly assigned to a wait list control group, or one of two different marital treatment interventions. It was expected that, after an eight week intervention, the couples in the two intervention conditions would demonstrate significantly higher marital satisfaction ratings than those in the wait list control, but would not significantly differ from each other. This hypothesis was confirmed. Closer inspection, however, using Discriminant Function Analysis on pretest measures of affective, behavioral, and cognitive factors, suggested that different factors predicted which couples remained in each of the interventions, which differentially emphasized these factors. This was discussed as evidence that all marital therapy techniques are not created equal, but are differentially appropriate for different couples