Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé

Ma thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du programme POLCA (Pollution des Capitales Africaines). Elle a pour principal objectif de caractériser la pollution particulaire sur des sites " trafic " de deux capitales africaines Dakar (Sénégal) et Bamako (Mali) et d'étudier son impact toxicologique sur l'appareil respiratoire. La pollution particulaire urbaine, bien supérieure aux normes imposées par l'organisation mondiale de la santé, est mise en exergue en lien avec un trafic automobile anarchique et d'intenses combustions domestiques. Dans ce contexte, les questionnements scientifiques suivants ont pu être abordés : - Quelle est la spéciation chimique par classes de tailles des aérosols de combustion (carbone suie, carbone organique, inorganiques, métaux traces...) pour les sites " trafic " de Dakar et Bamako ? - Quelles sont les sources prédominantes agissant sur la composition chimique en aérosols ? Quelle est la toxicité de ces aérosols et le niveau de stress oxydant ? - Quels sont les liens entre composition des aérosols différenciés en tailles et marqueurs d'inflammation pour chaque type de source ? - Quels sont les liens entre expositions aux aérosols et doses dans l'appareil respiratoire ? - Pour traiter ces questions, je me suis attaché à l'étude des résultats des campagnes intensives de 2009 à Dakar et à Bamako auxquelles j'ai participé, principalement à l'analyse chimique complète des aérosols par classes de tailles, à la caractérisation physico-chimique complète de l'aérosol pour chaque site mais également à la détermination de ses différentes sources par des modèles multivariés (ACP et PMF). Ces études ont été associées à des mesures toxicologiques in vitro effectuées sur les aérosols prélevés sur ces mêmes sites. Ce croisement mesures physcico-chimique/mesure santé a permis d'approfondir les liens sources d'émissions/chimie de l'aérosol/granulométrie et impacts biologiques associés. Enfin, en parallèle aux mesures expérimentales développées dans POLCA, la thèse a permis la mise en œuvre du modèle DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) afin de convertir spéciation de l'aérosol par classe de taille ou EXPOSITIONS en concentrations d'espèces par classe de taille ou DOSES dans les divers compartiments de l'appareil respiratoire (trachée, bronches, bronchioles, alvéoles). C'est la conjonction des trois thèmes, caractérisation de la pollution urbaine particulaire en Afrique de l'Ouest et ses sources, son impact toxicologique et la modélisation des doses dans l'appareil respiratoire, qui constitue le caractère pluridisciplinaire innovant de la thèse.This thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis

Ring vaccination with rVSV-ZEBOV under expanded access in response to an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea, 2016: an operational and vaccine safety report.

BACKGROUND: In March, 2016, a flare-up of Ebola virus disease was reported in Guinea, and in response ring vaccination with the unlicensed rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine was introduced under expanded access, the first time that an Ebola vaccine has been used in an outbreak setting outside a clinical trial. Here we describe the safety of rVSV-ZEBOV candidate vaccine and operational feasibility of ring vaccination as a reactive strategy in a resource-limited rural setting. METHODS: Approval for expanded access and compassionate use was rapidly sought and obtained from relevant authorities. Vaccination teams and frozen vaccine were flown to the outbreak settings. Rings of contacts and contacts of contacts were defined and eligible individuals, who had given informed consent, were vaccinated and followed up for 21 days under good clinical practice conditions. FINDINGS: Between March 17 and April 21, 2016, 1510 individuals were vaccinated in four rings in Guinea, including 303 individuals aged between 6 years and 17 years and 307 front-line workers. It took 10 days to vaccinate the first participant following the confirmation of the first case of Ebola virus disease. No secondary cases of Ebola virus disease occurred among the vaccinees. Adverse events following vaccination were reported in 47 (17%) 6-17 year olds (all mild) and 412 (36%) adults (individuals older than 18 years; 98% were mild). Children reported fewer arthralgia events than adults (one [<1%] of 303 children vs 81 [7%] of 1207 adults). No severe vaccine-related adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION: The results show that a ring vaccination strategy can be rapidly and safely implemented at scale in response to Ebola virus disease outbreaks in rural settings. FUNDING: WHO, Gavi, and the World Food Programme

Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique urbaine en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé

This thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis.Ma thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du programme POLCA (Pollution des Capitales Africaines). Elle a pour principal objectif de caractériser la pollution particulaire sur des sites " trafic " de deux capitales africaines Dakar (Sénégal) et Bamako (Mali) et d'étudier son impact toxicologique sur l'appareil respiratoire. La pollution particulaire urbaine, bien supérieure aux normes imposées par l'organisation mondiale de la santé, est mise en exergue en lien avec un trafic automobile anarchique et d'intenses combustions domestiques. Dans ce contexte, les questionnements scientifiques suivants ont pu être abordés : - Quelle est la spéciation chimique par classes de tailles des aérosols de combustion (carbone suie, carbone organique, inorganiques, métaux traces...) pour les sites " trafic " de Dakar et Bamako ? - Quelles sont les sources prédominantes agissant sur la composition chimique en aérosols ? Quelle est la toxicité de ces aérosols et le niveau de stress oxydant ? - Quels sont les liens entre composition des aérosols différenciés en tailles et marqueurs d'inflammation pour chaque type de source ? - Quels sont les liens entre expositions aux aérosols et doses dans l'appareil respiratoire ? - Pour traiter ces questions, je me suis attaché à l'étude des résultats des campagnes intensives de 2009 à Dakar et à Bamako auxquelles j'ai participé, principalement à l'analyse chimique complète des aérosols par classes de tailles, à la caractérisation physico-chimique complète de l'aérosol pour chaque site mais également à la détermination de ses différentes sources par des modèles multivariés (ACP et PMF). Ces études ont été associées à des mesures toxicologiques in vitro effectuées sur les aérosols prélevés sur ces mêmes sites. Ce croisement mesures physcico-chimique/mesure santé a permis d'approfondir les liens sources d'émissions/chimie de l'aérosol/granulométrie et impacts biologiques associés. Enfin, en parallèle aux mesures expérimentales développées dans POLCA, la thèse a permis la mise en œuvre du modèle DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) afin de convertir spéciation de l'aérosol par classe de taille ou EXPOSITIONS en concentrations d'espèces par classe de taille ou DOSES dans les divers compartiments de l'appareil respiratoire (trachée, bronches, bronchioles, alvéoles). C'est la conjonction des trois thèmes, caractérisation de la pollution urbaine particulaire en Afrique de l'Ouest et ses sources, son impact toxicologique et la modélisation des doses dans l'appareil respiratoire, qui constitue le caractère pluridisciplinaire innovant de la thèse

Physico-chemical characterization of urban atmospheric pollution in west Africa and health impact study

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Monitoring of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from space: application to European and African cities

International audienceAir pollution is a major issue for global environment as well as human health and well-being. Recently, satellites which are equipped with relevant air quality instruments have been placed into orbit. In this paper, we first present a review on satellite remote sensing of particulate pollution. We then present new results for Europe and on African cities particulate air pollutants using POLDER satellite data. Based on satellite AOD observations, we show that the number of days exceeding the 15.4 μg/m3 threshold is twice frequent in Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso than in Paris, France. At the regional scale, we observe that the northern coast of the golf of Guinea is dramatically impacted by poor air quality

Monitoring of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from space: application to European and African cities

International audienceAir pollution is a major issue for global environment as well as human health and well-being. Recently, satellites which are equipped with relevant air quality instruments have been placed into orbit. In this paper, we first present a review on satellite remote sensing of particulate pollution. We then present new results for Europe and on African cities particulate air pollutants using POLDER satellite data. Based on satellite AOD observations, we show that the number of days exceeding the 15.4 μg/m3 threshold is twice frequent in Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso than in Paris, France. At the regional scale, we observe that the northern coast of the golf of Guinea is dramatically impacted by poor air quality

Flaring emissions in Africa: distribution, evolution and comparison with current inventories

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Analysis of the Evolution of the Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere over the Past Three Decades: Comparisons of Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations with In-situ and Remote Sensing Observations

International audienceGlobal chemistry-climate models have been used to simulate the evolution of the atmospheric composition over the past decades. These simulations have been performed in free-running and specified dynamic modes, using the Community Atmosphere Model version 4 included in the the NCAR Community Earth System Model.We have analyzed the long-term changes as well as the interannual variability of several atmospheric compounds with a focus on ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. We have investigated the behavior of these species by focusing on two regions, Europe and Asia. In Europe, surface emissions have decreased significantly since the 1980s, which have led to a decrease in the concentrations of several tropospheric compounds. On the contrary, emissions in Asia have dramatically increased, particularly during the past two decades, which has resulted in large increases in the atmospheric content of several species.We have used in-situ observations of O3, CO and NO2 from the Cooperative Air Sampling Network and from network of the European monitoring and evaluation programme (EMEP) to analyze the model results in different stations in the regions under consideration. We have also compared the model results with remote sensing observations from MOPITT, OMI, GOME, GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY instruments. Results show an underestimation of modeled CO concentrations, which has also been reported by previous studies. We will also analyse the simulated O3 and NO2 concentrations through comparisons with monitoring surface stations and satellite observations

Analysis of fifty year Gas Flaring Emissions from oil/gas companies in Africa

International audienceFlaring is a process during which waste gases are burned in an open atmosphere. The quantification of gas flaring emissions represents a major scientific concern due to its magnitude and related uncertainties. In global/regional emission inventories, this source, though releasing large amounts of pollutants in the atmosphere, is still poorly quantified if not missing. It can represent the main emission source of gaseous compounds and particles in some areas, as observed during the AMMA project in the Gulf of Guinea. Our study focuses on Africa, and includes Nigeria, which is one of the largest natural oil and gas reserve in the world. Africa is an important gas flaring area, since technologies for the exploitation of this energy source and the reduction of flaring activities have been only recently implemented. We have developed an emission inventory for gases and particles from flaring in Africa. We have first compiled the few published available dataset of fuel consumption from flaring. The spatial distribution of CO2 and black carbon (BC) emissions from gas flaring in 2011 is estimated using a methodology based on field reports and remote sensing (DMSP satellite data). Our results point out to the importance of flaring activities into the regional anthropogenic emissions in Africa over the period 1960-2011. Finally, the contribution of flaring to total anthropogenic emission can be large and needs to be accurately quantified

Anthropogenic surface emissions in Asia

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