342 research outputs found
Microcanonical studies concerning the recent experimental evaluations of the nuclear caloric curve
The microcanonical multifragmentation model from [Al. H. Raduta and Ad. R.
Raduta, Phys. Rev. C 55, 1344 (1997); 56, 2059 (1997); 59, 323 (1999)] is
refined and improved by taking into account the experimental discrete levels
for fragments with and by including the stage of sequential decay of
the primary excited fragments. The caloric curve is reevaluated and the heat
capacity at constant volume curve is represented as a function of excitation
energy and temperature. The sequence of equilibrated sources formed in the
reactions studied by the ALADIN group (Au+Au at 600, 800 and
1000 MeV/nucleon bombarding energy) is deduced by fitting simultaneously the
model predicted mean multiplicity of intermediate mass fragments ()
and charge asymmetry of the two largest fragments () versus bound
charge () on the corresponding experimental data. Calculated HeLi
isotopic temperature curves as a function of the bound charge are compared with
the experimentally deduced ones.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure
Optogenetics and deep brain stimulation neurotechnologies
Brain neural network is composed of densely packed, intricately wired neurons whose activity patterns ultimately give rise to every behavior, thought, or emotion that we experience. Over the past decade, a novel neurotechnique, optogenetics that combines light and genetic methods to control or monitor neural activity patterns, has proven to be revolutionary in understanding the functional role of specific neural circuits. We here briefly describe recent advance in optogenetics and compare optogenetics with deep brain stimulation technology that holds the promise for treating many neurological and psychiatric disorders
Spallation reactions. A successful interplay between modeling and applications
The spallation reactions are a type of nuclear reaction which occur in space
by interaction of the cosmic rays with interstellar bodies. The first
spallation reactions induced with an accelerator took place in 1947 at the
Berkeley cyclotron (University of California) with 200 MeV deuterons and 400
MeV alpha beams. They highlighted the multiple emission of neutrons and charged
particles and the production of a large number of residual nuclei far different
from the target nuclei. The same year R. Serber describes the reaction in two
steps: a first and fast one with high-energy particle emission leading to an
excited remnant nucleus, and a second one, much slower, the de-excitation of
the remnant. In 2010 IAEA organized a worskhop to present the results of the
most widely used spallation codes within a benchmark of spallation models. If
one of the goals was to understand the deficiencies, if any, in each code, one
remarkable outcome points out the overall high-quality level of some models and
so the great improvements achieved since Serber. Particle transport codes can
then rely on such spallation models to treat the reactions between a light
particle and an atomic nucleus with energies spanning from few tens of MeV up
to some GeV. An overview of the spallation reactions modeling is presented in
order to point out the incomparable contribution of models based on basic
physics to numerous applications where such reactions occur. Validations or
benchmarks, which are necessary steps in the improvement process, are also
addressed, as well as the potential future domains of development. Spallation
reactions modeling is a representative case of continuous studies aiming at
understanding a reaction mechanism and which end up in a powerful tool.Comment: 59 pages, 54 figures, Revie
Discovery of Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Technetium, and Ruthenium Isotopes
Currently, thirty-four yttrium, thirty-five zirconium, thirty-four niobium,
thirty-five technetium, and thirty-eight ruthenium isotopes have been observed
and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief
synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and
identification method, is presented.Comment: To be published in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Table
Measurement of delayed neutron yields and time spectra from 1 GeV protons interacting with thick natPb targets
The GALLEX Project
AbstractThe GALLEX collaboration aims at the detection of solar neutrinos in a radiochemical experiment employing 30 tons of Gallium in form of concentrated aqueous Gallium-chloride solution. The detector is primarily sensitive to the otherwise inaccessible pp-neutrinos. Details of the experiment have been repeatedly described before [1-7]. Here we report the present status of implementation in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy). So far, 12.2 tons of Gallium are at hand. The present status of development allows to start the first full scale run at the time when 30 tons of Gallium become available. This date is expected to be January, 1990
Interactive Responses of a Thalamic Neuron to Formalin Induced Lasting Pain in Behaving Mice
Thalamocortical (TC) neurons are known to relay incoming sensory information to the cortex via firing in tonic or burst mode. However, it is still unclear how respective firing modes of a single thalamic relay neuron contribute to pain perception under consciousness. Some studies report that bursting could increase pain in hyperalgesic conditions while others suggest the contrary. However, since previous studies were done under either neuropathic pain conditions or often under anesthesia, the mechanism of thalamic pain modulation under awake conditions is not well understood. We therefore characterized the thalamic firing patterns of behaving mice in response to nociceptive pain induced by inflammation. Our results demonstrated that nociceptive pain responses were positively correlated with tonic firing and negatively correlated with burst firing of individual TC neurons. Furthermore, burst properties such as intra-burst-interval (IntraBI) also turned out to be reliably correlated with the changes of nociceptive pain responses. In addition, brain stimulation experiments revealed that only bursts with specific bursting patterns could significantly abolish behavioral nociceptive responses. The results indicate that specific patterns of bursting activity in thalamocortical relay neurons play a critical role in controlling long-lasting inflammatory pain in awake and behaving mice
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