Spatial Development Potential Considering Conservation Planning Criteria

The paper focuses on the issues of possible differences in the decision considering spatial allocation of land use and its potential and optimized allocation that derives from suitability modeling. The researched area was Žumberak- Samoborsko gorje Nature Park, one of the youngest Croatian nature parks. As such, it should have a physical plan of the special features areas, in order to know its potential and limitations. There is no such plan yet, so protection measures and development is relinquished to cities and municipalities, within whose territory the Park is situated. One of the municipalities is Ozalj, and it is used in the paper as an example for the analysis of physical planning approach for Žumberak- Samoborsko gorje Nature Park. By the survey of Physical plan of Ozalj municipality, a random selection was used to choose one activity that was planned in the area and for that activity dual spatial analysis was created. It included spatial attractiveness and vulnerability analysis. The results of the analysis have shown whether, in addition to spatial attractiveness criteria, spatial vulnerability criteria was taken into consideration when deciding on the location for the winter sports center. The analysis has also shown whether the Physical plan was in favor of the municipality development or was the fact that it is a Nature Park, designed as the protected area of natural and cultural values, also considered relevant

MEHANIZMI PRISILNE NAPLATE PO LOŠIM KREDITIMA STANOVNIŠTVA NA PRIMJERU SG SPLITSKE BANKE D.D. : Završni rad

Kada fizička osoba tj. građanin podižu kredite onda se najprije mora voditi računa o tome da li je riječ o dugoročnim ili kratkoročnim kreditima. Dugoročni krediti najčešće su stambeni krediti ili krediti za vozila, dok su kratkoročni krediti minusi po tekućem računu ili tzv. revolving krediti po karticama odnosno bilo koji krediti do 1 godine otplate. Bilo da se radi o dugoročnim ili kratkoročnim kreditima, i kod jednih i drugih se uzimaju idući podaci : izjave za obustavu na plaću – što bi značilo da po toj izjavi banka obavještava poslodavca da je njen djelatnik podigao kredit te ga traži da umjesto njega svaki mjesec prilikom isplate plaće, oduzme mu iznos u visini rate kredita i direktno uplati banci. Zadužnice – one se naplaćuju na FINA-i, i u pravilu mogu ovršiti račune koje ima fizička osoba u Splitskoj banci ili bilo kojoj drugoj osim tzv. zaštićenih računa na koji se prima minimalan dio plaće u slučaju blokade. Mjenice – one se uzimaju iako se u pravilu ne naplaćuju jer ne postoji razrađeni pravni mehanizam za njihovu naplatu. Da bi se one u budućnosti mogle naplaćivati fizičke osobe bi prilikom same ovjere trebali ovjeriti i mjenice kao i listu svoje materijalne i nematerijalne imovine kako bi se uopće mogla znati „težina mjenice“. U slučaju da kredit ima sudužnika i/ili jamca ove navedene tri stavke uzimaju se i od njih, te novčani depoziti od banka ukoliko postoje. Kod dugoročnih kredita uz sve navedeno uzima se također i tzv. hipoteka najčešće nad nekretninama (dakle, zemljišta, stanovi, kuće i sl.) te pokretninama kao što su auti, brodovi, zlato, dijamanti, vrijednosni papiri itd. U praksi se najčešće oduzimaju nekretnine i auta, a ostale stavke vrlo rijetko.When a person, ie a citizen, raises credits, then one must first consider whether it is long-term or short-term loans. Long-term loans are most often residential mortgages or vehicle loans, while short-term loans are minus on a current account or so-called revolving credit cards or any loan up to 1 year of repayment. Whether it is long-term or short-term loans, one and the other is taking the following information: pay-off statements - which would mean that the bank informs the employer that his employee has raised a loan and asks him to place him monthly when paying the salary, deducts the amount in the amount of the loan and deposits it directly with the bank. Debentures - they are charged at FINA, and they can, as a rule, execute accounts with a natural person in Splitska banka or any other than the so-called. protected accounts that receive the minimum wage share in case of blockage. Bills of exchange - they are taken even though they do not usually charge because there is no elaborated legal mechanism for their billing. In order to be able to charge them in the future, physical persons should also certify bills of exchange, as well as a list of their tangible and intangible assets, in order to be able to know the "billing weight" at all. In the case that credits have a lender and / or a guarantor, these three items are taken from them and cash deposits from the bank if they exist. In the case of long-term loans, along with all the above mentioned, mortgages are mostly on real estate (ie land, apartments, houses, etc.) and movables such as cars, boats, gold, diamonds, securities. Most often, banks have taken mortgages and cars, and other items are very rare

MEHANIZMI PRISILNE NAPLATE PO LOŠIM KREDITIMA STANOVNIŠTVA NA PRIMJERU SG SPLITSKE BANKE D.D. : Završni rad

Kada fizička osoba tj. građanin podižu kredite onda se najprije mora voditi računa o tome da li je riječ o dugoročnim ili kratkoročnim kreditima. Dugoročni krediti najčešće su stambeni krediti ili krediti za vozila, dok su kratkoročni krediti minusi po tekućem računu ili tzv. revolving krediti po karticama odnosno bilo koji krediti do 1 godine otplate. Bilo da se radi o dugoročnim ili kratkoročnim kreditima, i kod jednih i drugih se uzimaju idući podaci : izjave za obustavu na plaću – što bi značilo da po toj izjavi banka obavještava poslodavca da je njen djelatnik podigao kredit te ga traži da umjesto njega svaki mjesec prilikom isplate plaće, oduzme mu iznos u visini rate kredita i direktno uplati banci. Zadužnice – one se naplaćuju na FINA-i, i u pravilu mogu ovršiti račune koje ima fizička osoba u Splitskoj banci ili bilo kojoj drugoj osim tzv. zaštićenih računa na koji se prima minimalan dio plaće u slučaju blokade. Mjenice – one se uzimaju iako se u pravilu ne naplaćuju jer ne postoji razrađeni pravni mehanizam za njihovu naplatu. Da bi se one u budućnosti mogle naplaćivati fizičke osobe bi prilikom same ovjere trebali ovjeriti i mjenice kao i listu svoje materijalne i nematerijalne imovine kako bi se uopće mogla znati „težina mjenice“. U slučaju da kredit ima sudužnika i/ili jamca ove navedene tri stavke uzimaju se i od njih, te novčani depoziti od banka ukoliko postoje. Kod dugoročnih kredita uz sve navedeno uzima se također i tzv. hipoteka najčešće nad nekretninama (dakle, zemljišta, stanovi, kuće i sl.) te pokretninama kao što su auti, brodovi, zlato, dijamanti, vrijednosni papiri itd. U praksi se najčešće oduzimaju nekretnine i auta, a ostale stavke vrlo rijetko.When a person, ie a citizen, raises credits, then one must first consider whether it is long-term or short-term loans. Long-term loans are most often residential mortgages or vehicle loans, while short-term loans are minus on a current account or so-called revolving credit cards or any loan up to 1 year of repayment. Whether it is long-term or short-term loans, one and the other is taking the following information: pay-off statements - which would mean that the bank informs the employer that his employee has raised a loan and asks him to place him monthly when paying the salary, deducts the amount in the amount of the loan and deposits it directly with the bank. Debentures - they are charged at FINA, and they can, as a rule, execute accounts with a natural person in Splitska banka or any other than the so-called. protected accounts that receive the minimum wage share in case of blockage. Bills of exchange - they are taken even though they do not usually charge because there is no elaborated legal mechanism for their billing. In order to be able to charge them in the future, physical persons should also certify bills of exchange, as well as a list of their tangible and intangible assets, in order to be able to know the "billing weight" at all. In the case that credits have a lender and / or a guarantor, these three items are taken from them and cash deposits from the bank if they exist. In the case of long-term loans, along with all the above mentioned, mortgages are mostly on real estate (ie land, apartments, houses, etc.) and movables such as cars, boats, gold, diamonds, securities. Most often, banks have taken mortgages and cars, and other items are very rare

PERMANENTNO (RE)STRUKTURIRANJE

Ovim radom se putem usporednog analiziranja pet različitih umjetničkih strategija provodi analiza simultanih procesa na području interdisciplinarne umjetnosti, točnije simultanosti koje istovremeno egzistiraju na različitim razinama, a međusobno utječu jedna na drugu što dovodi u vezu interdisciplinarno promišljanje o prostoru – prostoru kao egzistencijalnoj dimenziji, prostoru u odnosu na arhitekturu, fizičkom, mentalnom i društvenom prostoru. Naglasak analiziranih radova nije na krajnjem produktu umjetničkog procesa, objekta, događaja ili situacije već upravo na samom prikazivanju procesa simultanosti i povezanosti sistema koji se u njima zbivaju prilikom izvedbe, promatranja. Pri tome su od izuzetno velike važnosti za funkcioniranje cijeline upravo pojedinačni zastupljeni elementi koji ponekad bivaju međusobno isprepleteni, a ponekad rasuti na nepovezanim mjestima. Ključna točka koja povezuje radove je neisključiv, participativan i multidisciplinaran pristup, proveden metodom koja se sastoji od promišljanja, raspravljanja odnosno sustavnog razmatranja te konačnog oblikovanja tih trenutno egzistirajućih stvarnosti u svrhu nastajanja novih. Također, naglasak je na činjenici kako je medij poruka, pri čemu se ne ističe kako je sadržaj poruke irelevantniji te da je medij odlučujući, već se ukazuje na važnost djelovanja koje nastaje u okviru medija. Svaki medij mijenja društvo snažnije od pojedinih sadržaja koje prenosi stoga misliti danas o bilo kojem aspektu umjetnosti, kao i promišljanja o biću i prostoru u kojemu egzistira, prije svega znači promišljati u kontekstu suvremene akumulacije medijskog prostora

Historical Development of Urban Green Infrastructure and Possibilities of its Implementation in the Republic of Croatia

Research has been motivated by a wide range of concepts of the term urban green infrastructure. As the aim was to indicate a clear basis for the term, an investigation of its development was a necessity, not only in the European, but also in a broader context. Although green infrastructure is included in the 21st century policies of protection and development of EU landscapes, its foundations can be traced back to the models of ideal Renaissance towns and urbanist concepts mainly from the 19th and 20th century. In these historical periods used concepts meant urban landscapes as systems, a part of the environment, as seen in green corridors, green belts, green wedges, green networks and through the perception of urban green systems. As a modern concept the urban green infrastructure has been upgraded with developed roles, extending functions, scopes and scales from previous historical models. In that sense it maintains its social role of improving the quality of life in towns, while at the same time defining town texture with its urban morphological significance. At the same time it also develops ecological values and extends its scale to nonurban local, regional and international contexts. Despite its benefits, spatial planning documents in the Republic of Croatia still lack measures and actions which would recognise the true benefit of green infrastructure in spatial development

Criteria for the Integration of Wind Farms into Landscape

Vjetroelektrane su na upečatljiv način izmijenile sliku pojedinih krajobraza Hrvatske. Njihovo uklapanje u krajolik vođeno je regulacijskim sustavom, no iskustva drugih zemalja otvaraju nova planerska i projektantska pitanja. Nadopunom dosad korištenih metoda osiguralo bi se uspješnije uklapanje vjetroelektrana u krajobraz te bi se spriječilo narušavanje karakterističnih krajobraznih vizura važnih za očuvanje hrvatskoga prostornog identiteta.The appearance of Croatian landscapes has distinctively been altered by wind farms. Their integration into the landscape was based on planning regulations, but the experiences of other countries have raised new planning and design issues. Broadening the scope of the recently used methods would ensure more effective integration of wind farms and prevent the destruction of the landscapes important for the protection of Croatian spatial identity

Modeling the experts’ attitudes on natural qualities of the landscape within the river Neretva valley

Teorijsko polazište ovog rada jest da usklađivanje stajališta različitih dionika, stručnjaka i korisnika prostora, u planiranju predstavlja temelj za provedbu održivoga prostornog razvoja, pri čemu se zaštita kvalitetâ krajobraza smatra nositeljem zajedničkih ciljeva svih sektora u prostoru. Obzirom da je pretpostavka ovog rada da predstavnici različitih stručnih skupina imaju različita vrijednosna polazišta o prostoru, bilo je potrebno ispitati stajališta različitih sektorskih skupina i utvrditi potencijalne razlike između kriterija vrednovanja prirodnih kvaliteta krajobraza. U provedbi ovog istraživanja primijenjena je kvalitativna metoda nisko strukturiranog intervjua na prigodnom uzorku ispitanika različitih profila obrazovanja i mjesta zaposlenja koji su predstavljali tri sektora (poljoprivreda, lovstvo i zaštita prirode); skupine na koje bi promjene u istraživanom prostoru najviše utjecale, a i koje najviše same utječu na promjene u prostoru. Ovim radom utvrđeno je da se kriteriji vrednovanja prirodnih kvaliteta krajobraza razlikuju između stručnjaka iz različitih sektora. Dobiveni rezultati su bili korišteni za daljnje korake istraživanja koji podrazumijevaju transformaciju u kriterije koji se mogu prostorno prikazati a zatim i modelirati s ciljem optimizacije odluka u prostoru koje istovremeno mogu uključivati društvene interese; bilo razvojne ili zaštitne. Stoga su rezultati ispitivanja implementirani u postupak vrednovanja kroz izradu kartografskih prikaza modela percepcije prirodnih kvaliteta krajobraza za svaku skupinu ispitanika.The postulate of this paper is that harmonization of different stakeholders point of view in spatial planning, the experts and the users, represents the foundation for the implementation of sustainable spatial development, where the protection of landscape quality is considered as the holder of common objectives of all sectors in space. Given the hypothesis that representatives of different expert groups have different values baseline about space it was needed to examine the views of different expert groups and to determine the potential differences between the evaluation criteria of natural landscape qualities. The qualitative method of low-structured interviews was conducted on an appropriate sample of respondents of different education profiles and places of employment representing three sectors (agriculture, hunting and nature protection); the groups which would be the most influenced by the changes in the research area, and which affect the most changes in space. This paper pointed out that the criteria for the evaluation of natural qualities differ between the experts from different sectors. These results were used for further research that consider the transformation into the criteria which can be mapped and afterward modelled with the aim for optimization of spatial decisions which can simultaneously include protection and development as social interests. The findings derived from qualitative research were implemented into the evaluation through making the maps of models of attitude on natural qualities for each group of respondents

CLINICAL COMPARISON OF INVOS OXYMETRY AND ARTERIAL LACTATE LEVELS AS A PREDICTOR OF PERIPHERAL PERFUSION AND REPERFUSION IN VASCULAR SURGERY PATIENTS

Cilj ovog probnog projekta je evaluacija primjene INVOS oksimetrije za optimalizaciju anesteziološkog postupka kod operacija reperfuzije donjih ekstremiteta u bolesnika s perifernom arterijskom bolešću (PAB). Ispitanici: U probnom projektu evaluirana su 4 bolesnika s kritičnom ishemijom donjih ekstremiteta. Uz elektrodu za indikaciju cerebralne perfuzije (crSO2), drugu INVOS elektrodu za indikaciju periferne perfuzije, postavili smo distalno od vaskularne kleme (prSO2). Dobivene podatke smo koristili kao prediktore periferne perfuzije i nužnosti intervencije, a podatke smo usporedili s koncentracijom laktata arterijske krvi. Rezultati: Početne prosječne crSO2 vrijednosti bile su 62,25 %, a prSO2 53,5 %. Prosječno trajanje arterijske okluzije bilo je 61 min. Pacijenti su primili u prosjeku 1275 mL kristaloida i 500 mL koloida. Najviše izmjerene vrijednosti laktata aterijske krvi bile su 0,7 mmol/L. Postoperacijski crSO2 iznosio je prosječno 73 %, a prSO2 69,75 %. Prosječna hospitalizacija trajala je 19,25 dana, s 30-dnevnim preživljavanjem od 100 %, bez potrebe reoperacije ili amputacije. Rasprava: Pretragom dostupne literature nismo pronašli sličnih kliničkih iskustava primjene optičke spektrometrije kao metode mjerenja intraoperacijske perfuzije ishemičnog ekstremiteta. Koristeći INVOS za poboljšanje perfuzije periferije koristili smo minimalnu vazoaktivnu potporu i restriktivnu bolusnu primjenu intravenskih tekućina uz zadovoljavajući klinički ishod.The aim of this pilot project was to evaluate the use of INVOS oxymetry to optimize anesthesia in lower extremities in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Four patients with critical ischemia of lower extremities were evaluated. With the electrode indicating cerebral perfusion (crSO2), another INVOS electrode was placed distally from the vascular clamp (prSO2). The data obtained were used as predictors of peripheral perfusion and necessity of intervention. We compared the aforementioned data with the arterial blood lactate levels. The initial mean crSO2 and prSO2 value was 62.25% and 53.5%, respectively. The mean duration of arterial occlusion was 61 minutes. The patients received a mean of 1275 mL crystalloids and 500 mL colloids. The highest measured lactate value was 0.7 mmol/L. Postoperative crSO2 averaged 73% and prSO2 69.75%. The mean length of hospital stay was 19.25 days, with a 30-day survival rate of 100%, without the need of reoperation or amputation. Reviewing the scientific literature available, we found no similar clinical experiences of optical spectrometry used as a method of measuring intraoperative perfusion of the ischemic extremity. Utilizing INVOS data to improve perfusion of periphery, we used minimal vasoactive support and restrictive bolus administration of intravenous fl uids with a satisfactory clinical outcome

Ecological principles in urban landscape design

Principi ekološkog planiranja i projektiranja gradskih krajobraza su mnogobrojni. Ipak, oni nisu sistematizirani i sustavno provođeni u praksi uređenja gradskih krajobraza. Iz tog razloga, konvencionalni pristupi planiranju i oblikovanju gradskih krajobraza mogu biti izrazito mnogo ili vrlo malo oslonjeni na principe ekološkog oblikovanja. Samim time, korišteni su nesistematično, parcijalno i stihijski, ili se uopće ne primjenjuju u domaćim praksama. U radu je predstavljen sistematičan prikaz krajobraznih principa primjenjivih u uređenju urbanih sredina koji mogu pridonijeti ekološkoj održivosti gradova. Oni su kategorizirani i opisani, a njihova je selekcija bazirana na referentnim primjerima i radovima u području krajobrazne ekologije i krajobrazne arhitekture. Krajnji rezultat rada je izrada "check-liste" primjenjive za analizu projekta krajobrazne arhitekture i uređenja gradskih krajobraza prema kriteriju ekološke održivosti.There are many principles of ecological design and planning of urban landscapes. However, they have not been systematized, applied and systematically implemented in the practice of urban planning and development. For this reason, conventional approaches to the planning and design of urban landscapes can be very much or very little based on the principles of ecological design. As a result, they were used unsystematically, partially and spontaneously, or they are not applied at all in national practices. The paper presents a systematic presentation of landscape principles applicable in the design of urban environments that can contribute to the ecological sustainability of cities. They are categorized and described, and their selection is based on reference examples and works in the field of landscape ecology and landscape architecture. The end result of the work is the creation of a "check-list" applicable to the analysis of landscape architecture projects and the arrangement of urban landscapes according to the criterion of ecological sustainability

Pregled mogućnosti primjene GIS-a u krajobraznom planiranju

Landscape planning is a branch of the interdisciplinary profession of landscape architecture, which is based on landscape quality protection, and focuses on harmonising different values and interests in spatial development. The modern paradigm of the landscape is based on multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity, which makes the application of GIS indispensable in researching and analysing landscape approaches. This paper presents the application of GIS within the methods and tools of landscape planning, from the perspective of the landscape architecture profession in Croatia, involving the following methods: landscape evaluation, spatial modelling, development of strategic plans, landscape and environmental impact assessment including visual analysis and simulations, landscape character assessment, and landscape plans. The paper also highlights the diversity of potential landscape planning approaches within the instruments of different sectors, concentrating on responsibility for the landscape, spatial planning, natural and environmental protection, conservation of cultural heritage, land policies, rural and tourist development, and energy issues.The paper also indicates that, despite signing the European Landscape Convention, via which Croatia showed interest in innovative planning, conservation and management approaches, there has still been no significant shift at the institutional level, with the occasional implementation of the landscape approaches in practice. The lack of use of GIS tools is especially evident within different sectoral instruments, at all levels of spatial thinking and decision-making.Krajobrazno planiranje grana je interdisciplinarne struke krajobrazne arhitekture koja se temelji na očuvanju kvaliteta krajobraza, a usmjerena je usklađivanju različitih vrijednosti i interesa u prostornom razvoju. Moderna paradigma krajobraza utemeljena je na višedimenzionalnosti i interdisciplinarnosti, što u istraživačkim i analitičkim krajobraznim pristupima neizostavnim čini korištenje GIS-a. U ovom radu prikazana je primjena GIS-a u metodama i alatima krajobraznog planiranja iz perspektive struke krajobrazne arhitekture u Hrvatskoj, a obuhvaćeno je: vrednovanje krajobraza, izrada prostornih modela i strateških planova, procjena utjecaja na krajobraz uključujući vizualne analize i simulacije, procjena karaktera krajobraza te krajobrazni planovi. Radom je ujedno ukazano na raznolikost primjena alata krajobraznog planiranja u instrumentima različitih sektora koji imaju interes i odgovornost prema krajobrazu: prostornom planiranju, zaštiti prirode i okoliša, zaštiti kulturne baštine, zemljišnoj politici, ruralnom i turističkom razvoju i energetici. Također je ukazano na činjenicu da je, unatoč potpisivanju Europske konvencije o krajobrazu kojom je Hrvatska iskazala interes za inovativnim alatima planiranja, zaštite i upravljanja, do danas na institucionalnoj razini učinjeno vrlo malo, a upotreba krajobraznih pristupa u praksi je stihijska. Posebno je evidentno neprimjenjivanje GIS-a u različitim sektorskim instrumentima na svim razinama promišljanja i donošenja odluka o prostoru