Ten Dimensions of Inclusion: Non-Catholic Students in Catholic Schools

This article addresses the inclusion of non-Catholic students in Catholic schools. It provides a brief review of the literature on inclusion and the results of a study of inclusion from the perspectives of Catholic students and Catholic teachers in four Western Canadian urban Catholic high schools. The study employed grounded theory as its methodology and focus groups as well as documentary analysis as its methods. The results of the qualitative study indicate, among other things, that there are at least 10 dimensions to inclusion: pedagogical, social, psychological, racial, cultural, spiritual, political, financial, legal, and philosophical. Moreover, the dimensions form an interactive matrix which is of great importance to Catholic schools

Catholic Schools: The Inclusion of Non-Catholic Students

In this article, I examine the adequacy of a Catholic school district's written documents dealing with the inclusion of non-Catholic students. I first describe, in communitarian terms, the nature of a Catholic school community; then I use a contractarian analysis of the school district's written inclusionary policy to better understand its implications. The analysis illuminates several policy deficiencies for protecting the contractual and constitutional rights of both non-Catholic students and their parents. Suggestions are offered, pointing towards the creation of a new, meaningful inclusionary policy. Keywords: Catholic education, religious education, inclusion, non-Catholic schools Dans cet article, j’examine la pertinence des documents écrits d’une commission scolaire catholique au sujet de l’inclusion des élèves non catholiques. Je commence par décrire, en termes communitariens, la nature de la communauté que forme l’école catholique ; j’utilise ensuite une analyse contractualiste de la politique d’inclusion de la commission scolaire afin de mieux en comprendre les implications. L’analyse fait ressortir plusieurs lacunes de cette politique quant à la protection des droits contractuels et constitutionnels des élèves non catholiques et de leurs parents. Je formule des suggestions en vue d’une nouvelle politique inclusive digne de ce nom. Mots clés : Éducation catholique, éducation religieuse, inclusion, élèves non catholiques

The remediation and dismissal of Catholic teachers in Saskatchewan's Catholic separate schools for denominational nonconformity

It was the purpose of this study to investigate the remediation and dismissal of Catholic teachers in Saskatchewan's Catholic schools for reasons of denominational nonconformity. Saskatchewan had, at the time of this study, in November of 1993, twelve Catholic school systems directed by Catholic directors of education. Eight participated fully in this study while two others provided some oral information. The remaining two declined involvement. With the group of eight directors, a descriptive survey approach combined with interviews was employed. The survey data was collected by the use of the Nonconformity Questionnaire (NCQ). The questionnaire was composed of two parts: Part I, demographic data; Part II; questions focusing on actual cases of denominational nonconformity in the areas of Evidence, Procedures, Parties, Sanctions and, Threshold. All eight directors were asked to respond to Part I and the Threshold section but only two of the directors with experience in actual cases were asked to respond to the Evidence, Procedures, Parties and Sanctioning sections. All eight of the directors were interviewed by the writer. The interview of the two directors experienced with actual cases focused on triangulating their oral and NCQ responses and delving into their reasons for their responses. The other six directors, of the group of eight, were interviewed seeking responses to certain questions in order to understand their underlying assumptions and motivations in the area of denominational nonconformity. The study revealed vis-a-vis policies and practices that: 1. Saskatchewan's Catholic directors deal with informal and formal complaints of nonconformity. Both types of complaints were usually lodged by a school administrator or fellow teacher. Informal complaints were investigated and dealt with in an ad hoc manner. Formal complaints were generally dealt with by means of a generic administrative policy. In almost all instances, investigations were carried out by the director of education. The teacher was always confronted with the allegation and given an attempt to deny or confirm the truthfulness of the complaint. If the complaint is denied the matter is closed. If confirmed, the teacher is given an opportunity to recant or change the behaviour. 2. The civil rights of a nonconformist teacher in the procedural stages vary, depending upon the board, but are circumscribed by case law and The Education Act (Sask.). A nonconformist's Canonical procedural rights played little if any role in administrative procedure. 3. In the matter of sanctioning, there was a clear preference for addressing the situation with warnings, giving the nonconformist ample time to reconsider and alter his or her behaviour. The clergy's role in this matter was advisory. It is clear that a school board may make ongoing demands upon the teacher's personal life in order to ensure the teacher's committment to the remediation process. 4. The parties most involved with cases of denominational nonconformity were the teacher's parish priest, the director and school principal. 5. The director's personal threshold of nonconformity depends upon his own moral and religious rectitude as a Catholic and his interpretation of his responsibilities in the faith journey of one who has gone astray from the Church's teachings. 6. There was confusion in the Catholic community regarding objectively nonconformist behaviours in that they were perceived to be matters of conscience and thus subjectively acceptable and, at times, administratively tolerable. The religious or denominational threshold was perceived by some respondents to vary according to the norms within the local Catholic community, the composition of the school board, and the opinion of the local parish priest. 7. The administrative threshold of nonconformity appears to be governed by the frequency, seriousness, and publicity of the nonconformist behaviour circumscribed by the Faith Witness concept. The findings of this research have both positive and negative implications. The unanimous agreement among Saskatchewan's Catholic directors that their treatment of Catholic nonconformist teachers must at least to some degree be governed by a pastoral model of administration bodes well for the considerate treatment of those teachers. On the other hand, the ad hoc manner in which many informal cases are treated and, with one exception, the nonspecific policies in place to deal with cases of nonconformity leave much to be desired in the protection of the legal and canonical rights of the teacher and, perhaps, the protection of the Catholic school boards' power to sanction for denominational nonconformity

Catholic separate schools and the inclusion of non-Catholic students : qualitative findings and implications

This dissertation sought to discover the meanings behind the experiences of Catholic students and teachers in relationship with non-Catholic students in four urban Catholic high schools in Western Canada. By employing an interpretivist approach in conjunction with Strauss and Corbin's (1998) objectivist grounded theory, the study used focus groups composed of Catholic students from grades 10, 11, and 12 and one Catholic teacher group from each school as its primary source of data. The findings were emergent, disclosing four major student themes and five major teacher themes. The former themes were that inclusion impacted upon many of the participating students', a) sense of faith, b) understanding of religious diversity, c) sense of faith community within their school, and d) realization that their religious beliefs affect non-Catholic students. The five major teacher themes were, a) an uncertainty regarding whether their school was essentially Christian or Catholic in nature, b) ambiguity respecting the genesis of the Catholic school's mandate, c) the affective nature of their relationships with non-Catholic students as expressed in welcoming, empathizing, appreciating, and protecting, d) the effects of inclusion upon their sense of faith, and e) the effects of inclusion on their school as a faith community. The study generated and revealed that inclusion has at least ten dimensions which together form the matrix of the phenomenon of inclusion: philosophical, pedagogical, social, psychological, racial, cultural, spiritual, political, economic, and legal. The findings suggest directions for the development of meaningful inclusionary policies in the Catholic school faith community

Private Plaintiffs\u27 Use of Equitable Remedies Under the RICO Statute: A Means to Reform Corrupted Labor Unions

Part I of this Article outlines the government\u27s approach to civil RICO actions involving labor unions, including an overview of the government\u27s prior civil RICO actions and a summary of the types of issues that often arise in such actions. Part II examines the unique issues involved in a civil RICO action brought by a private plaintiff. The principal issue addressed in this Part is whether a private plaintiff can bring an action under the equitable remedies provisions of the RICO statute. This Part also addresses the issues of how a private plaintiff can gain access to information that may be required to prosecute a civil RICO action and how a private plaintiff could pay for such an action

Measuring solids movement in a large particle, air fluidized bed : two new methods

Two new methods for the determination of solids movement in a fluidized bed have been developed and evaluated in this work. The first method used a deflecting plexiglass rod with strain gages attached to the base which is immersed in the bed of fluidized solids. The probe will yield a continuous output of upward and downward solids fluxes moving past the probe. The output is used in conjunction with rectifying and averaging circuit to yield average upward and downward mass fluxes which are used to calculate solids turnover rates. The second method utilizes ferrite tracer material and immersed indoctapce coil detectors used in conjunction with a compartmental flow model. The transient tracer curves of the probes are then manipulated to calculate vertical solids turnover rates. The strain gage probe method found turnover rates for a tube filled bed and a tube free bed which was 1 ft² (930 cm²) in area and 1 ft (30.5 cm). high. Bed solids were 0.96 mm (0.038 inch) silica sand. For the tube free bed, turnover rates ranged from 0.58-1.31 gm/cm² -sec (1.19-2.68 lb/ft² -sec), U[subscript o]/U[subscript mf] = 1.3-2.0. For the tube filled bed, turnover rates ranged from 0.31-0.78 gm/cm ² -sec (0.63-1.60 lb/ft²-sec). The inductance probe could not be used due to poor tracer mixing in the small fluidized bed. The inductance probe has been tested in a 1 m ² (10.8 ft ² ) large particle fluidized bed and works well

Differential induction of apaptosis in human breast cancer cell lines by phenethyl isothiocyanate, a glutathione depleting agent

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a naturally occurring electrophile which depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and triggers accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PEITC is of considerable interest as a potential chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agent, and in this work, we have investigated the effects of PEITC on human breast cancer cell lines. Whereas PEITC readily induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells (associated with rapid activation of caspases 9 and 3, and decreased expression of BAX), MCF7 cells were relatively resistant to the apoptosis promoting effects of PEITC. The relative resistance of MCF7 cells was associated with high basal expression of NRF2, a transcription factor that coordinates cellular protective responses to oxidants and electrophiles and raised intracellular levels of GSH. This raised basal expression of NRF2 appeared to be a response to on-going production of ROS, since treatment with the antioxidant and GSH precursor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced NRF2 expression. Moreover, pre-treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with NAC rendered these cells relatively resistant to PEITC-induced apoptosis. In summary, our data confirm that PEITC may be an effective chemopreventive/therapeutic agents for breast cancer. However, differences in the basal expression of NRF2 and resultant changes in GSH levels may be an important determinant of sensitivity to PEITC-induced apoptosis

Tuning the metal-to-metal charge transfer energy of cyano-bridged dinuclear complexes

The metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) transitions of a series of Class II mixed valence dinuclear complexes bearing cyano bridging ligands may be varied systematically by variations to either the hexacyanometallate(II) donor or Co-III acceptor moieties. Specifically, the new dinuclear species trans-[(LCoNCFe)-Co-14S(CN)(5)](-) (L-14S = 6-methyl-1,11-diaza-4,8-dithia- cyclotetradecane-6-amine) and trans-[(LCoNCRu)-Co-14(CN)(5)]-(L-14 = 6-methyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6-amine) have been prepared and their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties are compared with the relative trans-[(LCoNCFe)-Co-14(CN)(5)](-). The crystal structures of Na{trans-[(LCoNCFe)-Co-14S(CN)(5)]}.51/2H(2)O.1/2EtOH, Na{trans-[(LCoNCRu)-Co-14(CN)(5)]}.3H(2)O and Na{trans-[(LCoNCRu)-Co-14(CN)(5)]}.8H(2)O are also reported. The ensuing changes to the MMCT energy have been examined within the framework of Hush theory, and it was found that the free energy change between the redox isomers was the dominant effect in altering the energy of the MMCT transition

Embracing ligands. A synthetic strategy towards new nitrogen-thioether multidentate ligands and characterization of the cobalt(III) complexes

The synthesis of the hexadentate ligand 2,2,9,9-tetra(methyleneamine)-4,7-dithiadecane (EtN(4)S(2)amp) is reported. The ligand is of a type in which bifurcations of the chain occur at atoms other than donor atoms. The cobalt(III) complex [Co(EtN(4)S(2)amp)](3+) (1) was isolated and characterized. The synthetic methodology also results in a number of by-products, notably 2,9,9-tris(methyleneamine)-9-methylenehydroxy-4,7-dithiadecane (Et(HO)N(3)S(2)amp) and an eleven-membered pendant arm macrocyclic ligand 6,10-dimethyl-6,10-bis(methyleneamine)-1,4-dithia-8-azaacycloundec-7- ene (dmatue). The complexes [Co(Et(HO)N(3)S(2)amp)](3+) (2), in which the alcohol is coordinated to the metal ion, and [Co(dmatue)Cl](2+) (4) were isolated and characterized. Et(HO)N(3)S(2)amp also undergoes complexation with cobalt(III) to produce two isomers endo-[Co(Et(HO) N(3)S(2)amp)Cl](2+) (endo-3) and exo-[Co(Et(HO) N(3)S(2)amp)Cl](2+) (exo-3), both with an uncoordinated alcohol group. endo- 3 has the alcohol positioned cis, and exo-3 trans, to the sixth metal coordination site. Reaction of 1 with isobutyraldehyde, paraformaldehyde and base in dimethylformamide results in the encapsulated complex [Co(1,5,5,9,13,13-hexamethyl-18,21-dithia-3,7,11,15-tetraazabicyclo[7.7.6]docosa- 3,14-diene)](ClO4)(3) . 2H(2)O ([Co(Me(6)docosadieneN(4)S(2))](3+) ( 5). All complexes have been characterized by single crystal X-ray study. The low-temperature (11 K) absorption spectrum of 1 has been measured in Nafion films with spin-allowed (1)A(1g) --> T-1(1g) and (1)A(1g) --> T-1(2g) and spin forbidden (1)A(1g) --> T-3(1g) and (1)A(1g) --> T-3(2g) bands observed. The octahedral ligand-field parameters were determined (10Dq = 22570 cm(-1), B = 551 cm(-1); C = 3500 cm(-1)). For 5 10Dq and B were determined (20580 cm(-1); 516 cm(-1), respectively) and compared with those for similar expanded cavity complexes [Co(Me(8)tricosatrieneN(6))](3+) and [Co(Me(5)tricosatrieneN(6))](3+)