Efecto de la defoliación en el cultivo de puerro (Allium porrum L.)

The foliar area loss is a typical damage in crops caused by fungus, insects or hailstorm. A lot of studies have been carried out to describe the effect of defoliation in the main herbaceous and woody crops. The results of two trials carried out in Valle Medio of the Ebro (Spain) are described in this study to determine the effects of different levels of defoliation in several phenological stages in leek crop. Four levels of defoliation were applied: control, slight, moderate and heavy, in six different phenological stages. Defoliations were carried out by means of a jet of water under pressure. According to the results observed, a close relationship between the yield loss with the percentage of defoliation and the crop stage was found. The most critical stage was at the beginning of the stem thickening in which there are maximum losses of 41% with 100% of defoliation. These experimental results were used to obtain regression equations in which the percentage of yield reduction is calculated in relation with the phenological stage and the percentage of defoliation. These equations can be used to improve simulation patterns of the leek growth in case of foliar damages caused by fungus, insect attacks or hailstorm.La pérdida de área foliar es un daño típico en los cultivos causado por ataques de hongos e insectos o por granizo. Se han realizado numerosos estudios para describir los efectos de la defoliación en los principales cultivos herbáceos y leñosos. En este trabajo se describen los resultados obtenidos en dos ensayos, llevados a cabo en el Valle Medio del Ebro (España), para determinar el efecto en el cultivo de puerro de diferentes niveles de defoliación aplicados en varios estados fenológicos. Se aplicaron cuatro niveles de defoliación: control, leve, medio y alto en seis estados fenológicos diferentes. La defoliación se llevó a cabo con una maquina de agua a presión. Se observó una estrecha relación entre la pérdida de cosecha, el porcentaje de defoliación y el estado fenológico en que se aplicó. El estado más crítico fue al inicio del engrosamiento del tallo en el cual se alcanzaron las mayores pérdidas, de un 41% para un 100% de defoliación. Estos resultados experimentales se utilizaron para obtener ecuaciones de regresión en las que se calculó el porcentaje de pérdida de cosecha en relación con el estado fenológico y el porcentaje de defoliación aplicado. Estas ecuaciones pueden ser utilizadas para mejorar los patrones de simulación de crecimiento del puerro en caso de daños foliares provocados por ataques de hongos o insectos o por granizo

Development of an analytical method for the determination of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) from printing inks in food packaging

An analysis method was developed to detect chemical markers of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) from offset printing inks in food packaging materials. 16 aromatic hydrocarbons were used as target analytes and different solid phase extraction procedures (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were tested. The concentration range studied was 0.1–7.5 µg g−1 with R2 higher than 0.9963, intraday RSD values below 5 %, RSD values between days lower than 12 %, recoveries higher than 80 %, LOD and LOQ lower than 0.09 μg g−1. Ten of the target analytes were identified in offset printing inks at concentrations between 2.28 and 8.59 µg g−1. Nine of them were also identified in the food packages examined in concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 0.33 µg g−1. These compounds were: methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbiphenyl, 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, 1-methylpyrene, benzo(b)naphtha(1,2-d)thiophene and 9,9′-dimethylfluorene. Mineral oil in food packaging was previously analysed by GC with flame ionization detection (FID)

Migration of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) from hot melt adhesives used in food packaging materials

This article studies the migration of MOAH from hot melt adhesives used in multilayer laminates into food simulants. First, the initial concentration of a group of compounds selected as MOAH markers in several adhesives was determined by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), using the previously optimised method. Then, the migration of the MOAH fraction and MOAH markers from the laminates was studied. The MOAH fraction was analysed by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID), and the MOAH markers were analysed by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Twelve MOAH markers were detected, and their initial concentrations were between 0.46 and 33.8 μg g-1. Only eight were identified after migration, ranging between 0.62 and 21.33 μg dm-2, with a migration percentage of 12–75%. The fraction of MOAH that migrated eluted mainly in the C16-C25 range and reached concentrations of 19.65 μg dm-2 from the laminate

Valorización de la respuesta institucional a la población desplazada desde los derechos humanos de las mujeres

El desplazamiento forzado afecta de manera desproporcionada a las mujeres. Este informe ofrece una valoración desde un enfoque de derechos humanos de las mujeres con el fin de contribuir al goce efectivo de derechos que ordena la Corte Constitucional en su afán por superar el Estado de Cosas Inconstitucionales y orientadas a identificar las directrices de política pública con enfoque diferencial de géner

Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) and Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography (APGC) coupled to Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF-MS) as alternative techniques to trace aromatic markers of mineral oils in food packaging

The aim of this work was to select and identify the best markers of aromatic hydrocarbon mineral oil (MOAH) in food packaging. For this purpose, a series of mineral oils was initially analysed. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the alkylated isomers of Methylnaphthalene (MNS), Diisopropylnaphtalene (DIPNs), Dibenzothiophenes (DBTS), Methyldibenzothiophene (MDBTs), Dimethyldibenzothiophenes (DMDBTs) and Benzonaphthiophenes (BNTS) were then explored. Their presence was confirmed by direct analysis of several mineral oils by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (ASAP-QTOF-MS). Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (APGC-QTOF-MS) was used to confirm the markers in different samples of oils, recycled PET (rPET), recycled cardboard and packaging of couscous and semolina to confirm the contamination. 27 markers were found in the mineral oil samples, 22 of them in rPET, 8 in recycled board and no MOAH were found in packaging of couscous and semolina

Assessment of atmospheric air pollution in Himalaya through simultaneous determination of oxidation PAHs products using lichens as bioindicators

The method has implied the DSASE extraction with toluene as solvent; the SPE as clean-up step using NH2 cartridge and GC-MS ion trap system was used as detection method in chemical ionization mode. The final concentrations were around 7.694 to 0.833 μg g-1 for oxoPAHs and 1.627 to 0.332 μg g-1 for nitroPAH

Actividad físico-deportiva, aptitud física y antropometría en adolescentes con síndrome de Down

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Formación de Profesorado y Educación, Departamento de Educación Física, Deporte y Motricidad Humana. Fecha de lectura : 4 de abril de 201